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As part of a drive to ramp up education innovation, the White House in its 2012 budget proposed creating a $90 million education research initiative modeled on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the government agency that鈥檚 perhaps best known for creating the forerunner of the Internet.
Most of the details of the ARPA-ED project were still under wraps Monday, but James H. Shelton III, the U.S. Department of Education鈥檚 assistant deputy secretary for innovation and improvement, said the agency would follow DARPA鈥檚 research model, which differs from that of traditional education research groups like the Institute of Education Sciences or the National Science Foundation. DARPA operates outside of typical grant frameworks, using interdisciplinary teams and contractors working on projects.
鈥淭he notion is to fill a critical gap we have in the R & D infrastructure for education鈥攖he ability to do directed development, the way DARPA does, using cutting-edge technology and research to solve specific high-leverage problems,鈥 Mr. Shelton said.
The notion of a DARPA-style education project has been 鈥渒icked around for a number of years鈥 by officials in the Education Department, DARPA, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the Economic and Domestic Policy councils. In fact, the project was announced Feb. 4鈥攏ot by the Education Department鈥攂ut by Gene Sperling, the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, as part of of the White House鈥檚 two-year-old Strategy for American Innovation. While ARPA-ED would be an Education Department initiative, Mr. Shelton said it could be initially 鈥渋ncubated鈥 in DARPA itself.
鈥淲hen things are nonclassified, we would be able to share pretty extensively [with DARPA]. It鈥檚 one of the great benefits, being able to build on the great work they鈥檝e been doing already,鈥 Mr. Shelton said. 鈥淒ARPA is doing really exciting work around digital tutors as well as systems that allow for verification and validation of the effectiveness of particular curriculum and instructional approaches.鈥
The agency鈥檚 budget, as described in the fiscal 2012 proposal, would include $50 million in discretionary funding and $40 million in mandatory funds to 鈥減ursue breakthrough developments in educational technology and learning systems, support systems for educators, and tools that improve educational outcomes.鈥
DARPA鈥檚 Model
While it鈥檚 best known for projects like ARPA-net, the Internet鈥檚 precursor, DARPA also has several learning and education-related projects such as a digital adaptive tutor that quickly trains young U.S. Navy recruits in information technology; , a computer-based science project-learning curriculum for middle and high school students; and the International Space Station SPHERES Integrated Research Experiments, or , a $6 million science program that allows high school students to participate in simulations of creating the space station.
At a panel on education innovation held in December at the Brookings Institution, a Washington-based think tank, Dan Kaufman, the director of DARPA鈥檚 Information Innovation Office, said the agency has been exploring more science-of-learning research. 鈥淲e鈥檙e looking at neuroscience in a really, really deep way,鈥 , particularly how students鈥 saturation levels from studying may affect learning.
鈥淵ou know, when did you hit that burned-out level 鈥when] you鈥檝e just studied enough,鈥 he explained. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a way to optimize that, so we鈥檙e looking at things like that all the way down to are there ways 鈥 to improve performance.鈥
Richard Wainess, a researcher at the National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing at the University of California Los Angeles, who has researched differences between military training and civilian commercial video games, said he is not surprised that national security groups have been taking more of an interest in K-12 education in the wake of rising concerns about training needed for new military recruits.
鈥淎s they get more technology, they鈥檙e going to need fewer people able to just do the casual jobs and more people able to do complex tasks,鈥 he said. 鈥淲e keep expecting the next generation to understand more and more and more than the last generation.鈥
Gerald E. Sroufe, the director of government relations for the Washington-based American Educational Research Association, believes ARPA-ED鈥檚 projects may provide inspiration for existing education researchers.
鈥淚 think it鈥檚 always good to look outside one鈥檚 comfortable arena to see other ways of doing things,鈥 Mr. Sroufe said. 鈥淲e really are kind of provincial, I think, in our models of organizing educational research.鈥
Translation Issues
At the same time, Mr. Sroufe and other research experts said they are 鈥渟keptical鈥 that the DARPA model will translate easily to the education field.
鈥淚n the military what we typically will do is find an application through which we can do our research. We will build a product that is useful to a group in the military, and that becomes a research platform for us, to be tested and implemented in the military as a whole,鈥 Mr. Wainess said. 鈥淚t鈥檚 hard to do that in the public arena, to just suddenly say, 鈥楬ow about we build a game for your school and your school uses it while we research it?鈥 There are a lot of logistical and political issues associated with saying, 鈥極K, let鈥檚 implement your game in our school.鈥 There鈥檚 less of that in the military.鈥
The funding infrastructure is also different, added Ross Wiener, the executive director of the education and society program at the Aspen Institute. 鈥淚n the Department of Defense setting, the U.S. military is the client, buying billions of dollars of customized product, and that鈥檚 not something that the Education Department seems to be doing.鈥
Moreover, Mr. Sroufe said he doubted ARPA-ED will get through the appropriations process in the current political climate, in which congressional Republicans have vowed to cut spending and bar new initiatives. A similar DARPA franchise in the U.S. Department of Energy, created in 2007, went unfunded until 2009 it received $400 million through the federal stimulus package. President Obama requested an additional $300 million for the Energy Department ARPA in the fiscal 2011 budget, which has not yet been approved by Congress.
