Editor鈥檚 Note: This Commentary is part of a special report exploring game-changing trends and innovations that have the potential to shake up the schoolhouse. Read the full report: 10 Big Ideas in Education.
What makes certain brief experiences in our lives so memorable and meaningful? Let鈥檚 call them 鈥減eak moments": A wedding day. A successful public presentation. An award received for work well done. We spent several years studying peak moments, and in our book The Power of Moments, we reveal what we learned: Peak moments share similar elements鈥攕uch as elevation and connection鈥攁nd armed with this knowledge, all of us can create richer experiences for the people we care about.
But there鈥檚 one critical period in life that is missing these powerful moments: the time students spend in the classroom.
Think about it: What do you remember from your experience as a student? Senior musical. Swim meets. Science fairs. Football games. Debate tournaments. Choir concerts. Notice the pattern?
They鈥檙e all peak moments, representing the culmination of students鈥� work. They鈥檙e social, often performed in front of an audience, and involve an element of competition or pressure. There鈥檚 a sense of pomp and circumstance about them鈥攏otice how often we actually wear distinctive clothes to them.
Unfortunately, all those memorable moments happen outside the classroom, even though students spend the vast majority of their time inside the classroom.
What school systems need is a massive infusion of peak moments. This is a rare case when we can motivate students and teachers and improve academic outcomes all at once. To see what peak moments can do, consider the work of two teachers at Hillsdale High School in San Mateo, Calif.
In 1989, social studies teacher Greg Jouriles and English teacher Susan Bedford had grown frustrated with the grind of teaching. They resolved to create something dramatic鈥攁n academic moment as memorable as the prom. They called it the 鈥淭rial of Human Nature,鈥� and it continues at Hillsdale to this day, some three decades later.
Here鈥檚 how it works: One day in class, a discussion of Lord of the Flies is interrupted. A visitor distributes an official-looking legal document, announcing that the book鈥檚 author, William Golding, has been charged with 鈥渓ibeling human nature.鈥� The students are told that they will conduct Golding鈥檚 trial. They will act as the lawyers and the witnesses and the judge.
The trial addresses fundamental questions of literature and history: Are people good or evil? Is civilization just a thin veneer over violent instincts? The students prepare for months, and when the day comes, they take school buses to an actual courtroom. The lawyers dress in suits, and the witnesses come in costume, ready to testify as historical or literary figures such as Stalin, Gandhi, Atticus Finch, and even Harry Potter. A jury of administrators and alumni delivers a verdict. Some years, Golding is convicted; other years, he goes free.
The day of the trial is a powerful peak moment: a culmination of preparation and practice, delivered in front of an audience, with real stakes and immediate feedback. Every year, the student speaker at graduation mentions the trial. The prom? It鈥檚 mentioned sometimes.
Many peak moments fall under the umbrella of 鈥渄eeper learning,鈥� a term that encompasses project-based learning, portfolios, and student exhibitions. At High Tech High, a network of charter schools in San Diego, students don鈥檛 take exams at all; they present their work at exhibitions open to the public. Their work ranges from theater performances to robotics to self-published books.
If that sounds crazy鈥攔eplacing exams with exhibitions鈥攁sk yourself what more closely resembles work in the real world: the intense collaboration of an exhibition requiring students to frame and deliver a project under deadline pressure so that an audience can view and critique it? Or an exam with 10 multiple-choice and three short-answer questions?
Worse, the knowledge measured by exams seems to have a short shelf life. Consider a study cited by Ted Dintersmith and Tony Wagner in their book Most Likely to Succeed. Teachers at an elite private high school in New Jersey found that when students were asked to retake in September the same final exam they鈥檇 just completed in June, their average grades plummeted from a B-plus to an F. The students鈥� hard work hadn鈥檛 culminated鈥攊t had evaporated.
Meanwhile, an American Institutes of Research study found promising results for schools embracing deeper learning, including better student-collaboration skills, higher levels of motivation and self-efficacy, and higher on-time graduation and enrollment rates. Better yet, it wasn鈥檛 just the most academically accomplished students, or those in one racial or ethnic subgroup, who benefited from deeper learning. 69传媒 benefited across the board.
So how can we feel satisfied delivering the usual academic experience鈥攐ne that students, on the whole, can barely remember? If your family took a weeklong vacation that didn鈥檛 deliver a few long-lasting memories, you鈥檇 feel shortchanged. Meanwhile, middle and high school take up at least seven years of our lives. In how many of those years do you have even one fond academic memory, a peak moment that elevated you above the everyday?
These moments are worth fighting for.
Background: How Memory Affects Learning
By Sarah D. Sparks
It鈥檚 one thing to cram for a test, but how can teachers ensure students really absorb what they learn and apply it later in life?
For decades, the difficulty of long-term transfer鈥攁pplying knowledge and skills learned in one context and in another context at a later time鈥攈as both frustrated and fascinated educators and researchers. But from a variety of fields, we are beginning to see emotional engagement as critical to how students remember and use what they learn.
Efforts to increase students鈥� emotional engagement with learning have led to an array of experiments in project-based learning, badges and 鈥済amification鈥� of content, and recognition ceremonies of academic milestones. In their analysis, best-selling authors Chip Heath and Dan Heath argue all of these can provide important 鈥渕oments鈥� of engagement.
Neuroscience research from the Brain and Creativity Institute at the University of Southern California suggests that when human beings learn, they engage not just the logic and critical thinking of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, but in the networks of the memory and emotional areas of the hippocampus and amygdala.
鈥淓ven our most complex and adult human [thoughts]鈥攖hings that are abstract and grounded in huge amounts of knowledge鈥攖hey get their power, their psychological punch by hooking themselves into the low-level emotional state,鈥� said Mary-Helen Immordino-Yang, one of the study researchers, in an interview. 鈥淭his is why things like intrinsic motivation and sense of self are so incredibly powerful. ... This is why we get sick from social stress, why we鈥檙e willing to die for our ideas. No other species does this.鈥�
The science is still evolving on just how a moment can drive later memory and behavior; meanwhile, much of the research to date has focused on the effects of negative moments in a child鈥檚 life.
But there is at least some evidence that small, positive moments can make a student more willing to do difficult or challenging tasks. One series of Stanford University experiments cited by the Heaths found students were more motivated to rewrite a highly marked-up paper when teachers included an encouraging note indicating that they had high expectations for the student and that they knew the student could meet them. Interventions like those created moments of empathy and mutual respect between teachers and students.
Educators and researchers alike are exploring ways to find moments of learning that students remember, even though they may be difficult to incorporate into an accountability system.
