As the federal government scrambles to respond to an unprecedented surge of unaccompanied minors streaming across the U.S.-Mexico border, the wave of young immigrants arriving alone from Central America has already begun to surface in communities and public schools far from the Southwest.
In Miami, a nonprofit agency that provides legal services to unaccompanied minors has served 1,600 such children since the beginning of the calendar year, the same number it served in all of 2013. Earlier this month, the Miami-Dade County school board approved Superintendent Alberto Carvalho鈥檚 request to seek additional federal funding to help the district cover the costs of educating what he called 鈥渁 spike in the number of foreign-born students from Central America, specifically Honduras.鈥�
In San Francisco and Oakland, Calif., as well as in suburbs of Washington, educators report that the number of unaccompanied minors has been rising steadily for several months in their high schools.
And in New York City, educators are beginning to coordinate with city agencies and nonprofit organizations to address the needs of some 3,000 undocumented children and youths who have arrived there over the past few months.
鈥淭here are so many noneducational needs that need tending to for these young people before they can even begin to focus on their education,鈥� said Claire Sylvan, the executive director and president of the Internationals Network for Public 69传媒, a New York City-based group of 17 high schools around the country that serve newly arrived immigrants and English-language learners.
鈥楬umanitarian Crisis鈥�
Since last October, more than 50,000 child migrants鈥攎ost of them from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras鈥攈ave been detained by U.S. Border Patrol agents. That鈥檚 more than twice the number detained in all of 2013. Most of the detentions have occurred in the Rio Grande Valley region along the border between Texas and Mexico.
Under federal law, immigration authorities cannot turn away any children arriving from noncontiguous countries.
The ballooning numbers prompted the Obama administration in late May to declare a humanitarian crisis and to open three emergency shelters, in California, Oklahoma, and Texas, to add to the federal government鈥檚 stable of 100 permanent shelters that house unaccompanied minors while they wait for immigration hearings and possible reunification with family members already in the United States. The administration has also asked Congress for $2 billion in new money to open more detention facilities and to hire more immigration judges to accelerate processing of a growing backlog of asylum and removal proceedings.
Many of the children and youths say that escalating violence and gang activity in their home countries, as well as the desire to reunite with parents in the United States, are driving them to make the grueling 1,000-mile trek through Mexico to the Texas border, where they are turning themselves over to Border Patrol agents.
Also contributing to the flow is the widespread belief in Central America that a change to U.S. immigration policy in 2012 allows young immigrants who make it to the border to stay. The Obama administration has aggressively countered that notion as Republican lawmakers have charged that the president鈥檚 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy, which suspended deportation for many immigrants brought to the United States illegally as children before 2007, as the main driver of the new migration.
In the Shelters
With hundreds of children and youths crossing the border daily, federal officials have struggled to provide shelter, food, and other basic services to them while they are detained. After taking the children and youths into custody, immigration officials have three days to transfer them to the federal Office of Refugee Resettlement, which is responsible for their care in longer-term shelters while attempts are made to place them with relatives or guardians as they await deportation proceedings.
While in the shelters overseen by the Office of Refugee Resettlement, nonprofit organizations provide unaccompanied minors English-as-a-second-language classes, along with arts-and-crafts and recreational activities both inside and outside the shelters, said Kenneth Wolfe, a spokesman for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the agency that houses the refugee office. The average length of stay in the longer-term shelters is 35 days, Mr. Wolfe said.
By the time the young migrants reach U.S. communities like Miami, San Francisco, New York, and Prince George鈥檚 County, Md., many have already been released from federal custody to stay with a parent or an extended-family member. Some have been released to adult sponsors who are not relatives.
鈥淚鈥檝e never seen so many of these children coming at once, and I鈥檝e never seen so many young ones on their own,鈥� said Cheryl Little, the executive director of Americans for Immigrant Justice, a legal-services agency in Miami that provides free representation to unaccompanied children and youths.
鈥淏y the time we are seeing them, they may have already been in the country for weeks,鈥� she said. 鈥淢any of them appear to be as young as 9 or 10.鈥�
Once children are released to parents or adult sponsors, they are required to enroll in school. And while more polarized debates rage in Washington and around the country about immigration policy and how the Obama administration should handle the surge, district officials say they must be ready to serve the child migrants who arrive at their schools.
Complex Needs
In Maryland鈥檚 125,000-student Prince George鈥檚 County district鈥攋ust outside Washington and home to a large Central American immigrant community鈥攅ducators saw an increase in the numbers of unaccompanied minors in 2012. Before that uptick, the district had around 75 such students, all of them of middle or high school age, said Patricia Chiancone, a counselor in the district鈥檚 international-programs office.
鈥淲e had over 200 unaccompanied minors this past school year,鈥� she said. 鈥淎nd we are seeing them at the elementary level, which is new.鈥�
The district has teacher professional development on tap this summer to prepare staff members for more of those students, Ms. Chiancone said.
Karen C. Woodson, the director of English-as-a-second-language and bilingual programs for the 151,000-student school system in neighboring Montgomery County, Md., said the trend has been similar there.
鈥淲e are finding a much greater need for mental-health support for these students,鈥� Ms. Woodson said. 鈥淭hey鈥檝e endured incredible trauma, and even when they are reunified with a family member, they might be facing a situation where their mom has a new husband and they are living with siblings that they have never met.鈥�
Many of the unaccompanied minors鈥攅specially those who are of high school age鈥攈ave had long periods of disruption to their schooling, though some may arrive with records showing they earned a few credits while living in the Office of Refugee Resettlement shelters.
School of Newcomers
At San Francisco International High School鈥攚here all 400 students are recently arrived immigrants鈥攖he percentage of unaccompanied minors has reached 25 percent of the school鈥檚 enrollment, up from about 10 percent when it first opened its doors in 2009, said Principal Julie Kessler.
69传媒鈥� personal circumstances vary, Ms. Kessler said. Some are living with parents and other family members, or in group homes, she said, but many are 鈥渘avigating all of this on their own.鈥�
Her school is set up to connect students to the services they will need, she said, including legal representation, housing referrals, and counseling.
鈥淥ur school is really built for these kids,鈥� Ms. Kessler said. 鈥淭hey are not marginalized here, and we have the luxury of being able to really focus on what their needs are.鈥�
Still, the barriers that unaccompanied minors face both in and out of school are daunting. A majority of them come into U.S. high schools, where graduating within four or even five years, while still needing to learn English and pass state exit exams, seems nearly impossible.
鈥淭he pressures are immense on them and on those of us who are working with them,鈥� Ms. Kessler said.
At the same time, she said, unaccompanied minors are often the most motivated students in her school.
Case in point: A 22-year-old graduate of San Francisco International recently won a scholarship to a four-year college, even as she was in charge of a household of five younger brothers and sisters.
鈥淚t is a superhuman feat,鈥� said Ms. Kessler. 鈥淭hese are some of the most resilient and brilliant young people I have ever seen.鈥�
