Supporters of are feeling under siege in the federal budget battle, fearing that the kind of deep cuts they鈥檝e seen proposed in Congress would likely have ripple effects hurting state pre-K and after-school programs for elementary school children.
The program is administered through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, but is considered an integral part of the government鈥檚 early-education efforts, offering low-income preschoolers education, health, and nutrition services. It dodged a proposed current-year cut of $1.1 billion, or 15 percent, in the U.S. House of Representatives鈥� budget bill defeated in the Senate last week.
But advocates also saw the defeat of efforts by Senate Democrats to boost Head Start鈥檚 budget to $7.4 billion, from the fiscal year 2010 total of $7.2 billion. That proposal was part of the Democrats鈥� competing budget bill, which also failed.
And supporters of the program are concerned that no proposal moving in Congress would address the losses Head Start鈥攁nd particularly , which focuses on infants, toddlers, and low-income pregnant women鈥攆ace when funds run out later this year from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Thanks to those federal economic-stimulus funds, Early Head Start nearly doubled the number of children and families served, but so far no provision has been made to maintain those seats.
Advocates are keeping pressure on Congress鈥攁nd on the White House鈥攖o preserve or even expand funding for the Head Start and Early Head Start programs, which together enroll 965,000 children. For example, the estimates more than 20 states have seen 鈥渟troll-in鈥� actions, where Head Start parents and children in strollers visited lawmakers鈥� district offices to lobby to keep the program鈥檚 funding intact.
鈥淲hatever their political persuasion, most Americans want greater investment in children,鈥� said Michael Petit, president of Washington-based and a former commissioner of Maine鈥檚 Human Services Department.
High-Profile Target
Head Start, which is now in its fifth decade, has long been the subject of passionate support, as well as the target of criticism from those who question whether its results justify its costs.
鈥淲e鈥檝e dumped billions into Head Start since 1965. If we cared about the academic achievement of low-income kids we would not relegate them to low-quality Head Start programs,鈥� said Lindsey Burke, an education policy analyst with the conservative , in Washington. She cited a 2010 evaluation of the program that showed most of children鈥檚 academic gains in Head Start fade out by the end of 1st grade. She argued that vouchers, instead, would offer low-income parents a choice among preschool providers.
However, Sara Mead, a senior associate with , in Washington, questions that assessment of Head Start.
鈥淗ead Start has a reputation as an ineffective program, when really the research is more mixed,鈥� said Ms. Mead, also an independent blogger for Education Week, who writes Sara Mead鈥檚 Policy Notebook. But she agrees with those who warn about the combined impact on Head Start from a loss of stimulus funding and deep cuts. Taken together, that could result in 鈥渟ignificant numbers of children losing services,鈥� she said.
Head Start advocates reserved particular ire for the cuts aimed at the program in the failed House measure. On March 9鈥攑rior to the bill鈥檚 defeat鈥攖he Children鈥檚 Leadership Council, a nonpartisan coalition of 57 national children鈥檚 advocacy groups, estimated 218,000 children currently enrolled in Head Start or Early Head Start would lose their seats if the House budget is enacted.
鈥淚鈥檝e never seen a more reckless or short-sighted piece of legislation,鈥� declared Mr. Petit, the Every Child Matters Education Fund president.
Senator Tom Harkin, D-Iowa, a longtime advocate of Head Start and chair of the Senate Health Education Labor and Pensions committee, said in a statement that 鈥渆fforts to cut this funding are penny-wise and pound-foolish, as money we invest up front in our children鈥檚 future helps avoid costly problems down the road.鈥�
Broader Worries
Advocates warn that Head Start cuts would have an impact beyond the children immediately affected. Because many preschool providers operate using both Head Start and state pre-K funds, 鈥渢he cuts to Head Start could have a dramatic impact on state pre-K,鈥� observed Marci Young, project director of , a project of the Pew Center on the States, in Washington. 鈥淚n some cases, cuts to Head Start could even jeopardize the existence of state pre-K programs.鈥�
Providers can combine Head Start and pre-K funds in various ways, Ms. Young noted. For example, in a single classroom pre-K money could pay for a lead teacher, and Head Start could pay for an assistant. Or Head Start funds could be used to extend the day in a state pre-K program. 鈥淐uts to Head Start may mean far less access [to state pre-K programs] for low-income children and lower quality,鈥� said Ms. Young.
And while Head Start does not specifically include after-school programs, many centers supported in part by Head Start do offer such programs and worry that staff cuts hurt them, advocates say.
Providers are bracing for the impact of any cuts.
鈥淭hat would be catastrophic for us,鈥� said Ruth Kimble, who leads a network of about 100 small day-care centers and home day-care providers in Chicago鈥檚 Austin neighborhood. 鈥淚f we lose, say, 10 kids here, we can鈥檛 afford to keep a teacher or an assistant. It might not close a center, but it will reduce your staff. These kids will not get the learning opportunities they need.鈥�
Ms. Kimble said that many of the providers in her network not only offer child care for preschool children, but after-school care for children ages 5 to 12. Head Start cuts could weaken or close those programs, too, she noted, because staff would be reduced.
Advocates are also pressing the White House to find a way to maintain the expansion of services made possible through stimulus funding.
President Matthew Melmed noted that even with the stimulus dollars, Early Head Start has barely made a dent in reaching eligible families. Since the program鈥檚 inception 15 years ago, it has served 3 percent of the estimated eligible population. 鈥淲ith ARRA increases we got to five percent. Now we鈥檙e looking at losing all of that,鈥� he said.
Before taking office, President Obama pledged to quadruple funding for Early Head Start. In 2009, the program received $1.1 billion in stimulus funds, allowing the program to serve 55,000 more pregnant women, infants and toddlers. 鈥淲e really hope that the White House puts a little skin in this game to defend this,鈥� said Cornelia Grumman, executive director of the First Five Years Fund, based in Chicago.
