Tomorrow, I鈥檒l be unveiling the 2023 RHSU Edu-Scholar Public Influence Rankings, recognizing the 200 university-based scholars who had the biggest influence on educational practice and policy last year. This will be the 13th annual edition of the rankings. Today, I want to run through the methodology used to generate those rankings.
Given that more than 20,000 university-based faculty in the United States are researching education, simply making it onto the Edu-Scholar list is an accomplishment. The list is comprised of university-based scholars who focus primarily on educational questions (with 鈥渦niversity-based鈥� meaning a formal university affiliation). Scholars who do not have a formal affiliation on a university website are ineligible.
The 150 finishers from last year automatically qualified for a spot in this year鈥檚 Top 200, so long as they accumulated at least 10 鈥渁ctive points鈥� in last year鈥檚 scoring. (This is a gauge of current activity and so includes all categories except Google Scholar and Book Points, which are measures of career-long achievement.) The automatic qualifiers were then augmented by 鈥渁t-large鈥� additions chosen by the RHSU Selection Committee, a disciplinarily, methodologically, and ideologically diverse group of accomplished scholars. All Selection Committee members had automatically qualified for this year鈥檚 rankings.
I鈥檓 indebted to the 2023 RHSU Selection Committee for its assistance and want to acknowledge its members: Donna Ford (Ohio State), Dan Goldhaber (U. Washington), Kris Guti茅rrez (UC Berkeley), Eric Hanushek (Stanford), Shaun Harper (USC), Carolyn Heinrich (Vanderbilt), Jeffrey R. Henig (Columbia), Tyrone Howard (UCLA), Robert Kelchen (UT Knoxville), Helen F. Ladd (Duke), Susanna Loeb (Brown), Bridget Terry Long (Harvard), Ernest Morrell (Notre Dame), Pedro Noguera (USC), Charles M. Payne (Rutgers), Laura W. Perna (U. Penn), Robert C. Pianta (U. Virginia), Jonathan Plucker (Johns Hopkins), Katharine Strunk (Michigan State), Carola Su谩rez-Orozco (Harvard), Carol Tomlinson (U. Virginia), Jacob L. Vigdor (U. Washington), Kevin G. Welner (CU Boulder), Martin West (Harvard), Sam Wineburg (Stanford), Patrick J. Wolf (U. Arkansas), Yong Zhao (U. Kansas) and Jonathan Zimmerman (U. Penn).
OK, so that鈥檚 how the Top 200 list was compiled. How were the actual rankings calculated? Each scholar was scored in nine categories, yielding a maximum possible score of 200. Scores are calculated as follows:
Google Scholar Score: This figure gauges the number of widely cited articles, books, or papers a scholar has authored. For this purpose, I use each scholar鈥檚 鈥渉-index.鈥� This is a useful, popular way to measure the breadth and impact of a scholar鈥檚 work. It involves tallying a scholar鈥檚 works in descending order of how often each is cited and then identifying the point at which the number of oft-cited works exceeds the cite count for the least-frequently cited. For instance, a scholar who had 20 works that were each cited at least 20 times but whose 21st most-frequently cited work was cited just 10 times, would score a 20. The measure recognizes that bodies of scholarship matter greatly for influencing how important questions are understood and discussed. The search was conducted using the advanced search 鈥渁uthor鈥� filter in Google Scholar. For those scholars who have created a Google Scholar account, their h-index was available at a glance. For those scholars without a Google Scholar account, a hand search was used to calculate their score while culling out works by other, similarly named, individuals. Points were capped at 50. (This search was conducted Dec. 12-14.)
Book Points: A search on Amazon tallied the number of books a scholar has authored, co-authored, or edited. Scholars received 2 points for a single-authored book, 1 point for a co-authored book in which they were the lead author, a half-point for co-authored books in which they were not the lead author, and a half-point for any edited volume. The search was conducted using an 鈥淎dvanced Books Search鈥� for the scholar鈥檚 first and last name. (On a few occasions, a middle initial or name was used to avoid duplication with authors who had the same name.) We did two separate searches, one for 鈥淗ardcover鈥� books and one for 鈥淧aperback,鈥� and hand-filtered out repeats. This enabled us to omit books released only as e-books. While e-books are obviously growing in popularity, few scholars on this list have penned books that are published solely as e-books鈥攁nd the e-book category frequently picks up reissues of previously printed books. 鈥淥ut of print鈥� and forthcoming but as-yet-unreleased volumes were excluded, as were reports, commissioned studies, multiple editions of the same book, and special editions of magazines or journals. We only include books written in English, as relevant books which appear in other languages are almost always translations. This measure reflects the conviction that the visibility, packaging, and permanence of books allows them to play an outsized role in influencing policy and practice. Book points were capped at 20. (This search was conducted Dec. 12.)
Highest Amazon Ranking: This reflects the scholar鈥檚 highest-ranked book on Amazon. The search was conducted using an 鈥淎dvanced Books Search鈥� for the scholar鈥檚 first and last name and sorting the results by 鈥淏est-selling.鈥� The highest-ranked book was subtracted from 400,000, and the result was divided by 20,000 to yield a maximum score of 20. (In other words, a scholar鈥檚 best book had to rank in Amazon鈥檚 top 400,000 to earn points.) The nature of Amazon鈥檚 ranking algorithm means that this score can be volatile. The result is an imperfect measure but one that conveys real information about whether a scholar has penned a book that is influencing contemporary discussion of education policy and practice. (This search was conducted Dec. 14.)
Syllabus Points: This seeks to measure a scholar鈥檚 long-term academic impact on what is being read by today鈥檚 college and university students. This metric was scored using OpenSyllabusProject.org, the most comprehensive extant database of syllabi. It houses over 6 million syllabi from across American, British, Canadian, and Australian universities. A search of the database was used to identify each scholar鈥檚 top-ranked text. The score reflects the number of times that text appeared on syllabi, with the tally then divided by 15. The score was capped at 10 points. (This search was conducted Dec. 14.)
Newspaper Mentions: A LexisNexis search was used to determine the number of times a scholar was quoted or mentioned in U.S. newspapers. Again, searches used a scholar鈥檚 name and affiliation; diminutives and middle initials, if applicable, were included in the results. To avoid double counting the 鈥淓ducation Press鈥� category, the scores do not include any mentions from Education Week, the Chronicle of Higher Education, or Inside Higher Ed. We grouped articles of 鈥淢oderate Similarity鈥� (per LexisNexis) to avoid counting the same article multiple times. Points were capped at 30. (The search was conducted Dec. 13.)
Education Press Mentions: This measures the total number of times the scholar was quoted or mentioned in Education Week, the Chronicle of Higher Education, or Inside Higher Education during 2022. Searches were conducted using each scholar鈥檚 first and last name. If applicable, searches included common diminutives; they were also conducted both with and without middle initials. Because searches of Education Week and the Chronicle of Higher Education occasionally returned results about the wrong individual, we hand-searched the text of each result to ensure the scholar was actually mentioned in the article. For the Chronicle of Higher Education, mentions in the weekly book lists posts are excluded, as are mentions in the 鈥淭ransitions鈥� column. The number of appearances in the Chronicle and Inside Higher Ed. were averaged, and that tally was added to the number of times a scholar appeared in Education Week. (This was done to avoid overweighting the two higher education publications.) The resulting figure was multiplied by two, with total Ed Press points then capped at 30. (These searches were conducted Dec. 12.)
Web Mentions: This reflects the number of times a scholar was referenced, quoted, or otherwise mentioned online in 2022. The search was conducted using Google. The search terms were each scholar鈥檚 name and university. Using affiliation served a dual purpose: It avoids confusion due to common names and increases the likelihood that mentions are related to university-affiliated activity. Variations of a scholar鈥檚 name (such as common diminutives and middle initials) were included in the search, if applicable. To avoid duplicate-inflated tallies, the number of unique Google results was used. In the rare instances where a scholar shared the same name as another person at their institution, we sampled the search results, calculated what proportion of those results were for the edu-scholar, then used that percentage to calculate the overall score. In September 2022, Google updated its 鈥渃ore algorithm,鈥� and the result significantly reduced total mentions. Thus, across the board, scholars had lower totals in this category. Points were calculated by dividing total mentions by 5 and capped at 25. (This search was conducted Dec. 14.)
Congressional Record Mentions: A simple name search in the Congressional Record for 2022 determined whether a scholar was referenced by a member of Congress. Qualifying scholars received 5 points. (This search was conducted Dec. 13.)
Twitter Score: Followerwonk鈥檚 鈥淪ocial Authority鈥� score was used to calculate Twitter scores. Followerwonk scores each Twitter account on a scale of 0-100 based on the user鈥檚 retweet rate and other user-specific variables (such as follower count). While I鈥檓 highly ambivalent about the role played by social media, it鈥檚 indisputable that many public scholars exert significant influence via their social-media activity鈥攁nd the lion鈥檚 share of this activity plays out on Twitter. To generate a point total, each score was divided by 10, yielding a maximum score of 10. (This search was conducted Dec. 13.)
There are obviously lots of provisos when it comes to the Edu-Scholar results. Different disciplines approach books and articles differently. Senior scholars have had more opportunity to build a substantial body of work and influence (for what it鈥檚 worth, the results are unapologetically engineered to favor sustained accomplishment). And readers may care more for some categories than others. That鈥檚 all well and good. The intent is to spur discussion about the nature of constructive public influence: Who鈥檚 doing it, how much it matters, and how to gauge a scholar鈥檚 contribution.
A few notes regarding questions that arise every year:
- There are some academics that dabble (quite successfully) in education but for whom education is only a sideline. They are not included in these rankings. For a scholar to be included, education must constitute a substantial slice of their scholarship. This helps ensure that the rankings serve as something of an apples-to-apples comparison.
- Scholars sometimes change institutions in the course of a year. My policy is straightforward: For the categories where affiliation is used, searches are conducted using a scholar鈥檚 year-end affiliation. This avoids concerns about double-counting and reduces the burden on my overworked RAs. Scholars do get dinged a bit in the year they move. But that鈥檚 life.
- Some eligible scholars wind up assuming deanships or serving as university provosts or presidents. The rule is that education school deans remain eligible, but that once a scholar becomes a university provost or president, they are no longer deemed eligible for the rankings.
- It goes without saying that tomorrow鈥檚 list represents only a sliver of the nation鈥檚 education researchers. For those interested in scoring additional scholars, it鈥檚 relatively simple to do so using the scoring rubric enumerated above. Indeed, the exercise was designed so that anyone can generate a comparable rating for a given scholar in a half hour or less.
- This is an imperfect and evolving exercise. Questions and suggestions are always welcome. And, if scholars would like to have their names listed differently or have their discipline categorized differently, I鈥檓 happy to be as responsive as feasible within the bounds of consistency.
Finally, a note of thanks: For the hard work of coordinating the Selection Committee, assembling the list of nominees, and crunching and double-checking the results for 200 scholars, I owe an immense debt of gratitude to my invaluable research assistants Alicia Nottrott, Caitlyn Aversman, Ilana Ovental, Hayley Sanon, and Gabriella Lasso.
