In innovation-friendly pockets across the country, the number of hybrid charter schools鈥攖hose that blend online and face-to-face instruction鈥攈as been growing over the past five years.
But now, the educational model seems to have shifted into overdrive.
Major philanthropies鈥攎ost notably, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation鈥攈ave launched funding initiatives directed specifically at hybrid school models, which because of their unorthodox ways of allocating resources often are able to operate best as charter schools. (The Gates Foundation also provides grant support for Education Week鈥榮 coverage of the education industry and K-12 innovation.)
Some observers of the field believe financial stresses have not only caused more charter school founders to embrace a hybrid model in hopes of saving money on teachers, facilities, and content, but have also led some already-existing charters to attempt the transformation from brick-and-mortar to hybrid schools.
And while full-time virtual learning has drawn increased scrutiny from the news media, policymakers, and the general public, hybrid models may be fairly insulated from such negative sentiment.
鈥淢y feeling is that full-time virtual schooling is taking far more heat than the blended [model] is,鈥� said Michael Horn, the co-founder and executive director of the Mountain View, Calif.-based Innosight Institute鈥檚 education practice and the co-author of , perhaps the most influential work among K-12 online and blended-learning advocates.
Mr. Horn added that charter operators may be the most equipped to handle the pressure of being under the microscope.
鈥淭hey鈥檙e sort of used to taking heat,鈥� he said. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 think that pressure is going to make them care too much if results really do follow.鈥�
鈥楬ybrid鈥� Research Needed
While there is growing research to suggest that, in general, a blended educational approach can be at least as effective for some students as a traditional face-to-face strategy, very little of it specifically targets the effectiveness of hybrid charter schools. Often, these schools are lumped in with brick-and-mortar charter schools, as they were in a recent study by the National Education Policy Center, at the University of Colorado at Boulder, that finds lagging achievement in privately run, fully online charter schools.
Perhaps for that reason, much of the private investment in hybrid charters appears to be geared toward understanding more about the burgeoning field.
With a portion of the third wave of its , competitively awarded grants, the Gates Foundation is aiming to fund models that successfully combine aspects of brick-and-mortar and online instruction to help students in grades 6-12 move toward college readiness.
All winners must demonstrate to the foundation鈥檚 satisfaction 鈥渢hat their instructional models incorporate technology to personalize students鈥� learning experiences, and their business models can support sustainable expansion or adoption plans,鈥� according to a Gates Foundation press release.
In February, the foundation awarded five $150,000 grants鈥攅ach carrying the possibility of up to $300,000 more in additional matching funding鈥攖o hybrid charter school projects in East San Jose, Oakland, and Los Angeles, Calif.; Chicago; and Newark, N.J. The foundation expects to award additional grants to projects both at the secondary and postsecondary levels in May and September.
Other philanthropies are joining the hybrid charter cause, such as the of Austin, Texas, which has awarded hybrid charter schools five $200,000 grants geared toward creating case studies to explain each schools鈥� educational methods and results over a one-year period.
鈥淚t鈥檚 deliberately short,鈥� explained Cheryl Niehaus, the manager of the Dell Foundation鈥檚 personalized-learning portfolio. She said district-run models were also eligible for the grants, but charter school models appeared a better fit for the project. 鈥淏ecause it is such a new field and is moving so quickly, we wanted to return information sooner rather than later,鈥� she said.
Officials with the Dell Foundation declined to name which schools were receiving the grants, but will announce them later this spring as case studies are released. They also said all the recipients, while possessing substantial structural differences, would be classified as 鈥渞otation models鈥� of blended learning, a term coined by a white paper from Mr. Horn鈥檚 Innosight Institute to describe an approach in which students spend significant time in online and face-to-face instruction in each of their courses.
Ms. Niehaus said the studies are meant to yield information, not judgment.
鈥淲e are not looking to compare effectiveness of one [of the five schools] to the next for a whole variety of reasons,鈥� Ms. Niehaus said. 鈥淭hese five grants with research evaluation, as much as we hope and intend for them to be used publicly, we鈥檙e also looking to information generated to inform how decisions on blended learning might play in our portfolio later down the line.鈥�
And it鈥檚 a knowledge base that may be urgently needed in a hybrid charter school landscape that many believe is expanding for reasons beyond increasing education quality.
Mr. Horn, who has a firsthand glimpse at charter schools in California, where education budgets are bleaker than those of most other states, said every charter management organization in the state is making progress toward either starting a blended wing of its operation or transforming a brick-and-mortar model into a blended model. In many cases, he said, those schools are hoping to be able to cut back on costs, whether it鈥檚 by using smaller facilities in a model where students attend class every other day and work remotely on the other days, or by increasing pupil-teacher ratios.
That pressure may also be reflected in a flurry of similar developments in Arizona, Michigan, and other states with exceptionally tight education budgets, and could potentially hinder the movement鈥檚 long-term future if it leads to poorly performing schools.
鈥淪ome blended-learning models are great and some are pretty bad,鈥� Mr. Horn said. 鈥淚 think you needed a bunch of proof points in the marketplace to really get people excited about it.鈥�
Policymakers鈥� increasing awareness of hybrid school models also appears to be contributing to growth of the model, especially in states where policy allows any district or charter school to offer its own online courses.
But policies that are overly prescriptive in terms of how districts and charter schools can choose to change their models and incorporate elements of virtual learning may actually be defeating the purpose, warned Alex Hernandez, a partner and vice president with the Broomfield, Colo.-based Charter School Growth Fund, a nonprofit venture-capital fund that invests in promising charter school models.
鈥淧olicy can create the conditions for innovation, but not lead the innovation,鈥� said Mr. Hernandez, who also blogs regularly on the Innosight Institute鈥檚 website. 鈥淲e need to be careful not to harm innovation by defining it and harnessing it.鈥�
And as hybrid-charter proponents gain visibility, their early pioneers are at times worried about sending the wrong message to followers both at charter schools and district-run schools, even though publicity is needed to keep the movement going.
For example, John Glover is launching a new charter management organization called in the 13,000-student Alum Rock school district in San Jose, Calif., partly in reaction to the positive response that , a Palo Alto-based charter management organization, has gotten to the five K-5 hybrid charter schools it started in the area. (Mr. Glover is also doing so with assistance from one of the five grants bestowed so far in the third wave of the Gates Foundation鈥檚 Next Generation Learning Challenges program.)
With the first three of Rocketship Education鈥檚 schools ranking in the top 10 among schools serving low-income students in Santa Clara County, as measured by California鈥檚 Academic Performance Index, the county board of education in December approved a request to expand the model to 20 additional schools. And Mr. Glover,who for the past six years served as a teacher, executive director, and chief operating officer at the largely unplugged American Indian Model School in Oakland, Calif., is launching the Alpha Middle School next fall partly to be a destination for children and parents who want a middle school experience similar to Rocketship鈥檚 elementary offering.
But Mr. Glover sees more similarities between the yet-to-open Alpha Middle School and the American Indian Model School than between other efforts at copying Rocketship鈥檚 success with hybrid schooling. For example, he says, Alpha Middle School will follow the American Indian Model School鈥檚 convention of assigning the same teacher to a middle school student for all core academic subjects in an effort to encourage deeper student-teacher relationships. Both are also committed to an extended school year, an extended school day for struggling students, and an expectation that graduates will be prepared to succeed not only in high school, but also in college.
Having come from a school that he says accomplished that mission while purposefully keeping technology out of the classroom, Mr. Glover warns colleagues at other hybrid charter schools not to focus too heavily on technology and too lightly on school culture.
鈥淚t鈥檚 one of my big worries, and it鈥檚 a worry shared by a lot of people doing this well,鈥� said Mr. Glover, who plans to receive 120 6th graders at Alpha Middle School next fall and eventually expand to 340 students in grades 6-8.
鈥淚f you go into any blended-learning program and you take every computer out of there, they might have to make some adjustments, but every single school that is successful as a blended model would be a success as a traditional model,鈥� he continued. But, he said, 鈥淚 think there鈥檚 a real concern folks are going to see success of certain organizations doing blended learning and say, 鈥楾his is great, we need to get some computers and some
