Tension within and outside the Tucson Unified School District over the fate of its controversial Mexican-American studies program increased by a few notches after it became public last month that of the program ordered by Arizona鈥檚 state schools chief contradicts his determination that the program doesn鈥檛 comply with state law.
In a meeting on June 17, members of the Tucson Unified school board voted 4-1 to appeal state Superintendent of Public Instruction John Huppenthal鈥檚 ruling that the district鈥檚 delivery of Mexican-American studies violates a new Arizona statute limiting the scope of such classes.
鈥淧eople were in the mood that Huppenthal did a crazy thing because he went against his own audit, so there was no way they weren鈥檛 going to appeal it,鈥� said Mark Stegeman, the president of the board.
The ethnic-studies controversy 鈥渉as been a distraction ever since the law passed a year ago, and it鈥檚 been cranking up since then, and particularly in the last few weeks,鈥� Mr. Stegeman said.
On June 13, Mr. Huppenthal, a Republican, said an investigation had revealed that the Mexican-American studies program in the 53,000-student district was not in compliance with the state鈥檚 law governing ethnic studies taught by public schools. He gave the school district 60 days to comply or lose 10 percent of its state funding.
Mr. Huppenthal contended that the program needed to come into compliance in three areas: It couldn鈥檛 be designed for a particular ethnic or racial group, it couldn鈥檛 promote resentment toward a particular race or class of people, and it couldn鈥檛 advocate ethnic solidarity.
But a couple of days later, local news organizations reported that Mr. Huppenthal鈥檚 determination contradicted the conclusion of the audit that he himself had commissioned.
That audit, conducted by the Dallas-based Cambium Learning Group Inc. and the Miami Lakes, Fla.-based National Academic Educational Partners, stated that 鈥渄uring the curriculum-audit period, no observable evidence was present to suggest that any classroom within the Tucson Unified School District is in direct violation of the law.鈥�
After the contents of the audit became public, Mr. Huppenthal followed up in a June 16 press release that 鈥渢he majority of the information collected by the [Arizona Department of Education] was obtained from sources outside of the independent curriculum audit.鈥� The press release added that Mr. Huppenthal had used the 鈥渢otality of the information and facts gathered during the months-long investigation to make his final determination.鈥�
With a legal appeal of Mr. Huppenthal鈥檚 ruling now pending, the state education department is not commenting on the specifics of the situation, said Andrew T. LeFebre, a department spokesman. He reiterated, however, that 鈥渢he independent curriculum audit commissioned by [Mr. Huppenthal] was just one part of the larger investigation conducted by the department.鈥�
Judy Burns, the clerk for Tucson Unified鈥檚 school board, said June 17 in an interview that she believes the Mexican-American courses are in compliance with state law, and board members unanimously approved a resolution in December making the same assertion.
Audit鈥檚 Findings
When asked why Mr. Huppenthal decided otherwise, she responded, 鈥淭here has been all sorts of political pressure.鈥�
Ms. Burns said that the district鈥檚 offering of Mexican-American studies was mentioned in a plan that enabled it to be released from a 30-year-old desegregation order. The plan said that the district should expand the courses to reach even more students when it has the finances to do so, she noted.
The audit commissioned by the Arizona education department, which is dated May 2, found that the high school graduation rate for students taking Mexican-American studies in Tucson was higher than that of students who didn鈥檛 take the classes. 69传媒 in the class of 2010 who had taken the courses were 11 percent more likely to graduate than those in a comparison group who didn鈥檛, the audit found.
Ethnic-Studies Courses Provide Different World View
Tucson High School students, interviewed in September 2010, contest charges that ethnic-studies courses teach minority students that they are victims.
John J. Pedicone, who became the superintendent of the Tucson Unified schools in January, has publicly supported the courses, but has not been confrontational. After former state schools chief Tom Horne, a Republican who is now the state attorney general, decided in January that the program was out of compliance with state law, Mr. Pedicone posted a letter on the district website saying the district would abide by state laws.
In an email earlier this month, Mr. Pedicone called the situation 鈥渃omplex.鈥� The Tucson superintendent said the conflict between Mr. Huppenthal鈥檚 findings and the audit 鈥減laced us in the position of asking for clarity on whether we are out of compliance and, if so, exactly what we must do in order to come into compliance. That was the basis for the decision to appeal the finding.鈥�
The law has been challenged by Martin Sean Arce, the director of the Mexican-American studies program in Tucson, and 11 teachers who provide instruction for the program. In October, they filed a lawsuit in federal court contending the state law on ethnic studies violates the First and 14th Amendments of the U.S. Constitution, including the equal protection and due process clauses.
