A decade-long push by states to make high school students pass an exit exam before getting their diplomas has stalled as politically sensitive student-failure rates contribute to a growing public backlash against high-stakes testing.
Though 26 states have adopted such mandates鈥攎ost of them since 2000鈥攖hat number has remained static since last year, according to a report scheduled for release this week by the , a Washington-based research and advocacy organization that has tracked the trend for the past seven years.
And for nearly a dozen states, compliance deadlines that once seemed far off have begun to bite, leading Arizona, Alabama, Maryland, and Washington, among others, to soften their mandates by offering alternative paths to a diploma, or by also weighing factors such as a student鈥檚 grade point average.
In addition, states including Indiana, Massachusetts, and Texas are turning to end-of-course exams in individual subjects, such as algebra and English, rather than one comprehensive test designed to measure mastery of state standards.
While such moves may please those who want more flexibility in graduation requirements, some in the standards-and-accountability movement worry that states may water down their requirements in the face of political pressure.
鈥淪tates are beginning to face the music and to face the actual fact that nontrivial numbers of kids are being told they aren鈥檛 going to get a diploma,鈥� said Chester E. Finn Jr., the president of the , a Washington think tank that favors strong systems of standards-based accountability.
In the sheer number of students affected, the push for high-stakes exit exams has shown marked success since 1982, when North Carolina became the first state to withhold diplomas from those who failed to pass a mandatory state test.
Although just over half of all states have exit-exam requirements, those states tend to be the most populous and urban, and will encompass 74 percent of the country鈥檚 high school students once the tests are fully implemented in 2012, according to the new CEP report.
An even greater percentage of the nation鈥檚 minority students, or 84 percent, will have to pass such tests to graduate, reflecting the demographics of the states with exit exams. California, New Mexico, and Texas, for example, have exit exams and have general populations that are more than 50 percent minority, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.
And despite political sensitivities, states aren鈥檛 giving up on the idea of exit exams, especially as policymakers try to strengthen the high school curriculum and make students more competitive in a global workforce. Connecticut and Pennsylvania, for example, are aggressively pursuing new exit exams, even in the face of stiff opposition.
Much of that opposition is rooted in the failure rates that other states have experienced. Even though there鈥檚 no national average of success or failure on such exams鈥攊n part because data collection is lacking鈥攖he CEP has found a wide range of experiences among states.
Georgia had passing rates in the high 90 percent range for white students taking the English and math tests for the first time in 2007, and a slightly lower rate for minority students. Oklahoma reported that 78 percent of white students, and 50 percent of black students, passed the math test the same year. In English, 76 percent of white students and 47 percent of white students passed.
Limited Track Record
Experts who monitor exit exams lament the dearth of research and data about how they affect student learning and the fate of students after high school.
鈥淭his is a very significant movement in education, and it鈥檚 understudied and it鈥檚 underreported,鈥� said Jack Jennings, the CEP president and a former longtime aide to congressional Democrats on education policy. 鈥淔or a movement that affects a vast number of kids, there鈥檚 very little research done.鈥�
By 2012, a slim majority of states will require high school students to pass an exit exam in order to graduate, although the number of states adding that mandate has slowed in recent years.
SOURCE: Center on Education Policy
Case in point: The center, for the first time this year, asked states with exit exams to cite the percentage of their students who failed the test but graduated anyway with a diploma in 2007 by using an alternative path. Fewer than half the states were able to report such data.
Because of the reach of the exit exams, the CEP report makes three recommendations:
鈥� More money should be put into research on the effect of exit exams on dropout rates, student achievement, and graduation rates among low-income and minority students.
鈥� States should collect and report data on how many students pass the tests after multiple tries, not just initially, along with the number of students who obtain a diploma through alternative means.
鈥� If states move to end-of-course exams to increase rigor and better coordinate between high school and college and work, more attention needs to be given to such alignment in developing the tests.
鈥淭he rhetoric of these tests doesn鈥檛 always match the reality,鈥� Mr. Jennings said.
Mr. Finn, the Fordham Institute president and an assistant U.S. education secretary in the Reagan administration, said the struggle for states is to strike a balance between enforcing a rigorous policy and understanding students鈥� needs.
鈥淚 really do think a kid shouldn鈥檛 have his entire life blighted because he can鈥檛 do well on a particular kind of test,鈥� Mr. Finn said. 鈥淵et at the same time, you allow too many alternative paths and too many exemptions and you dilute the meaning of having a graduation test.鈥�
States Seek Flexibility
With a 2009 deadline looming in Maryland for the first class to graduate with the exit-exam requirement, state schools Superintendent Nancy S. Grasmick last year faced passionate pleas from parents and some legislators to relax the requirements.
鈥淲e really did have a fight on our hands,鈥� said Ms. Grasmick, a proponent of the testing requirement. 鈥淧arents see the diploma as the critical credential鈥攖hat their students attended school, so they ought to be able to get one.鈥�
The Maryland graduation requirements are end-of-course exams in math, English, biology, and government and stem from a 15-year overhaul of the state鈥檚 assessment system.
SOURCE: Center on Education Policy
Acknowledging high failure rates among Maryland students鈥攁s few as one in five students passed in some low-income high schools鈥攖he state board of education in October adopted a that lets students complete rigorous projects in subjects they鈥檝e failed instead of passing the exams. Those projects are to be administered locally but developed and monitored by the state.
Some members of the board, newly appointed by Gov. Martin O鈥橫alley, a Democrat who took office in 2007, had fought unsuccessfully to have the requirement dropped entirely for the class of 2009.
The 鈥渂ridge plan鈥� was controversial, too, as some district superintendents favored the stiffer requirement. Montgomery County, Md., schools Superintendent Jerry Weast, for one, wrote a letter to The Washington Post calling it an 鈥渆scape hatch鈥� that created a 鈥渕irage of accountability.鈥�
In Arizona, a policy that allowed students who failed the exam to graduate if they met certain grade requirements was set to expire this year. But opposition persisted, fueled by fears that too many students would be denied diplomas, so the legislature in May extended the law indefinitely.
Also in May, the Alabama board of education approved an emergency rule allowing students to graduate if they passed just three sections of the exit test, rather than all five, as long as two of the three sections were math and reading.
And in Washington state, low passing rates on the math portion of the exit test prompted the legislature in March to eliminate that section in favor of an exam that students will take as they complete each course. The year before, the legislature had voted to delay implementation of the math portion after only about half of the class of 2008 passed it, according to local media reports.
Uphill Fight
Pennsylvania鈥檚 experience illustrates the political hurdles that states face even when top education policymakers are determined to push ahead with exit exams.
That state鈥檚 board of education in January unanimously approved a plan to implement end-of-course exams required for graduation starting with the class of 2014. The proposal had been part of a by the Governor鈥檚 Commission on College and Career Success.
But strong opposition from school districts, the state affiliates of the National Education Association and American Federation of Teachers, and children鈥檚 advocates prompted the legislature in June to step in. Lawmakers ordered a one-year halt to the statewide mandate, though local school boards can implement exit exams if they choose.
鈥淚t moved very quickly, and there was a lot of pushback from school boards and a lot of individuals,鈥� said Rep. James R. Roebuck Jr., the chairman of the state House education committee and a Democrat from Philadelphia. 鈥淏ut we do recognize that there鈥檚 got to be some sort of way to adequately assess kids and figure out if they are ready for college and ready for work.鈥�
Pennsylvania Department of Education spokeswoman Sheila Ballen said the state is still forging ahead with plans to develop a model curriculum and diagnostic tools that will accompany the exams once they鈥檙e put in place. The tests, she said, are 鈥渄efinitely not off the table.鈥�
Opposition remains. The Pennsylvania School Boards Association objects to state intervention in what members see as the local responsibility of deciding who gets a diploma. The group wants the testing mandate stopped altogether.
鈥淭his tells us they think the state test is the only test that will prove that a student is ready to graduate. You can鈥檛 say that,鈥� said Tim Allwein, an assistant executive director of the school boards鈥� association. 鈥淚 think local control is part of the reason [for our opposition], but I think there鈥檚 apprehension [about] how this affects our students.鈥�
End-of-Course Alternative
Even as states like Pennsylvania try to get their tests off the ground, some states that are already tying diplomas to an exam are shifting to end-of-course tests such as those in Maryland鈥檚.
Typically, exit exams are comprehensive tests, usually given for the first time in the 10th grade, that measure competence in several subject areas all at once. End-of-course exams, which tend to be more politically palatable, can be more easily linked to course content and be used more directly to increase rigor in coursework, Mr. Jennings of the Center on Education Policy said.
By 2015, at least 14 states will be using end-of-course exams for graduation, compared with just two states six years ago, according to the CEP report. At least three states鈥擬assachusetts, South Carolina, and Washington鈥攁re switching to a combination testing system in which students must pass a traditional exit exam, plus end-of-course exams in specific subjects.
But the CEP report outlines hurdles states confront in switching to end-of-course exams.
Multiple exams can be more costly and more time-consuming to develop, it says, and the results more difficult to return to districts in a timely manner. Educators also face challenges providing remedial help to students who fail a test but earn a passing grade in the class and advance to the next level.
Varied Performance
Whatever such tests are called, the passing rates vary greatly by state, and often depend on how high or low states set the cutoff scores.
Within states, there also are gaps in passing rates for students of different races. In 2006 in North Carolina, for example, 94 percent of white students passed the English part of the exam on the first try compared with 80 percent of black students; in math, 93 percent of white students passed compared with 40 percent of black students, according to CEP reports.
And a high failure rate can carry legal risks. In California, several students in the class of 2006鈥攖he first class required to pass an exit exam鈥攕ued the state. That lawsuit was resolved last year when the legislature allocated $70 million to tutor and counsel failing students. (鈥淐alifornia Offers Long-Term Help on Exit Exams,鈥� Oct. 24, 2007.)
The exit-exam requirement in 2006 coincided with a 鈥渟ubstantial鈥� increase in the dropout rate that year, according to a January 2008 report by the Alexandria, Va.-based Human Resources Research Organization. The study found a dropout rate of 14.8 percent in 2006, up from 12.6 percent in 2005.
In all, nearly 9,000 more California seniors dropped out in 2006 than in the year before, when the test wasn鈥檛 a graduation requirement, the report said.
Weighing Options
All states with exams offer alternative paths to a diploma for students with disabilities, and 18 of the 23 that have fully phased in their exit-exam requirements also offer alternatives for general education students.
But it鈥檚 unclear how many students nationally are taking advantage of such alternatives, said Mr. Jennings, who cites flaws in state-level data collection.
States often report initial passing rates on a test, but not the cumulative passing rates after multiple tries. Some states don鈥檛 know, or don鈥檛 report, how many students graduate through means other than an exit exam.
Mindful of the experience in other states, the Oregon state school board decided in June to start out with an exit exam that serves as one of three ways to get a diploma.
Beginning with the class of 2012, students must pass the exit exam, pass another standardized test (the SAT college-entrance test is one alternative being considered), or satisfactorily complete a locally scored test, work sample, or individual project.
By giving students three options rather than just one exam as the hurdle, the seven-member board was able to get the support of the education community, including the state teachers鈥� union, said the chairman of the state board, Duncan Wyse.
鈥淲e recognized that we want to have high standards,鈥� Mr. Wyse said, 鈥渂ut that students can demonstrate proficiency in a variety of ways.鈥�
