69传媒

For nearly an hour, Dowan McNair-Lee has been walking her 8th grade English/language arts students through ways to identify the central idea of a text. She鈥檚 come at it from several angles, and no light bulbs are going off.

Using an article about labor leader Cesar Chavez鈥檚 grape boycott and hunger strike, these students at Stuart-Hobson Middle School are doing a 鈥渃lose read,鈥� a skill prized by the new Common Core State Standards being put into practice in the District of Columbia. Ms. McNair-Lee had read the article aloud, then students read it on their own. Now, the class is diving into it together, analyzing word choice, structure, and other features of the text to determine its main idea.

Recent interim test results told the veteran teacher that this is a weak zone for her students. On end-of-year exams, four months from this December morning, main idea is a key focus. 69传媒 haven鈥檛 done well on citing evidence from text to support an argument, either. They鈥檙e going to have to step it up.

The teacher draws their attention to the article鈥檚 title, captions, subheadings, to its first and last paragraphs, for clues to the main idea. Ask your selves which ideas are discussed throughout the whole selection, she tells them. Which details are repeated, or given lots of attention? She starts dropping bread crumbs for them to follow.

鈥淲hat is it about the personal experience of injustice that makes some people decide to help others, while other people help only themselves?鈥� she asks, glancing around the room. 鈥淚njustice causes some people to act. That鈥檚 an inference, right?鈥� Silence. She asks: 鈥淲hat鈥檚 an inference?鈥� More silence.

As an English/language arts teacher in the common-core era, Ms. McNair-Lee is part of a huge national push to turn millions of students into strong readers and writers. In its second year of K-12 implementation in literacy, the District of Columbia is farther along than many in putting the standards into practice. But it also faces long odds as it works to help its largely disadvantaged student population master them.

Those odds show in the momentary silence in Ms. McNair-Lee鈥檚 classroom. Special education teacher Christopher Purdy, who co-teaches with her for three class periods a day, jumps in: 鈥淚 infer that it鈥檚 chilly outside because you are wearing gloves.鈥�

Remember, Ms. McNair-Lee tells the students, you can combine the text with your own knowledge to make inferences that can shed light on the main idea. She models it for them, pointing to the last paragraph, which reports that 50,000 people attended Mr. Chavez鈥檚 funeral. 鈥淪o I鈥檓 gonna make an inference here,鈥� she says, writing it on the board: 鈥淗e made a difference.鈥�

鈥淚 know that this way of doing things takes a lot more effort than what we鈥檙e used to doing,鈥� the teacher says. 鈥淏ut you need to know this.鈥�

I know they can do this, Ms. McNair-Lee thinks. Her most challenged class gained 9 points on a recent interim test; this group鈥檚 skills are a bit stronger.

But when they use the same approach on an article about migrant strawberry pickers, there鈥檚 no traction. She had hoped students could grasp the concept in time to do a brief essay that night on the article鈥檚 main idea. Glancing at the clock as the bell rings, she makes a midair correction: The essay will have to wait.

鈥淭hey didn鈥檛 get it,鈥� she sighs as she watches them pour out the door into a noisy passing period.

The concepts might be hard for these students, but their own distractions aren鈥檛 helping. There鈥檚 a dance in half an hour, and restless chatter punctuated the main-idea lesson. Many struggle with organizational skills; on sneakered feet, they glide into class with teetering stacks of dog-eared papers atop their binders.

They鈥檙e preoccupied with high school applications and interviews, since in the District of Columbia nearly half the 8th graders enter lotteries or apply to selective programs rather than automatically attending their neighborhood high schools.

During one recent class, these substrata anxieties bubbled to the surface. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 wanna leave,鈥� one girl said, plaintively, during a class discussion about high school interviews. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 wanna grow up,鈥� another chimed in. 鈥淲ell, babies,鈥� Ms. McNair-Lee said, her voice suddenly slow and soft, her hand on one girl鈥檚 shoulder, 鈥渋t鈥檚 inevitable.鈥�

Despite such distractions, by late January some small academic victories are accruing. 69传媒 plumbed an article about Robert Frost to see how his life influenced his writing of 鈥淥ut, Out,鈥� a wrenching poem about a boy losing his hand to a woodcutting saw.

For end-of-unit projects, they wrote plays, poems, and essays, or made short films about the articles they鈥檇 read, displaying creativity and humor, as well as a grasp of the content, and they wrote papers comparing their own interpretations with the original texts.

Just getting them to the finishing line, though, took more class periods than Ms. McNair-Lee had anticipated; she had to drop the district-recommended excerpts of Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry to allow time for completion.

And still, more than a few students didn鈥檛 complete the project, which counts for a goodly chunk of their grade this term. Among those students is Mikel Robinson, whose sunny personality and natural leadership haven鈥檛 helped him overcome the D he鈥檚 carrying in English.

鈥淢any of my kids haven鈥檛 mastered the basics of just getting a project done,鈥� Ms. McNair-Lee says one day. 鈥淚t鈥檚 frustrating for me because this is how I see what they know. And it worries me when I think about them in high school.鈥�

At an empty school two miles away, about 30 of the district鈥檚 secondary-level instructional coaches are getting another round of training for the current English/language arts focus on complex text. Their ability to convey these ideas and practices to teachers at their assigned schools is a key conduit of the district鈥檚 hopes for the common-core standards.

Stuart-Hobson鈥檚 coach, Sarah Hawley, had a scheduling conflict that kept her from this training. But teachers will be hearing most of the same messages at their own training in two weeks.

At big tables in the multipurpose room, the coaches study a lengthy excerpt from a nonfiction book, Blaine Harden鈥檚 Escape From Camp 14, a profile of a North Korean political-prison-camp escapee. Guided by Corinne Colgan, the district鈥檚 literacy and humanities director, and Jessica Matthews-Meth, a secondary-level literacy designer, the coaches work on ways to 鈥渟caffold,鈥� or build supports into a close reading of the text.

Ms. Matthews-Meth reminds them that the common standards are 鈥渂racketed鈥� by Standard 1, deducing literal and inferred meaning from complex text, and Standard 10, reading complex text independently and proficiently.

鈥淭hat鈥檚 the bear,鈥� she says. 鈥淗ow do we get them from one to 10?鈥� Today鈥檚 session, then, is about 鈥渉ow to take off the training wheels鈥� gradually.

The coaches read the excerpt, using several annotation strategies to see what works best. They pay special attention to difficult words, deciding which ones students might understand by deducing meaning from context, and which might demand more teacher-led help. In small groups, they craft a sentence capturing the central idea鈥攖he dehumanizing effect of prison camps鈥攁nd they discuss how the author refines the idea with specific details.

They write sets of questions that drive students back to the text to find information supporting the main idea. How many of your teachers already ask these kinds of questions? Ms. Matthews-Meth inquires of the coaches. Few hands go up.

The coaches know what a high bar this is. 鈥淲e cannot use grade-level text,鈥� says one. 鈥淚t would not work with our students.鈥�

Ms. Matthews-Meth suggests using excerpts with struggling readers to avoid reaching 鈥渇rustration level.鈥�

鈥淕ood morning, scholars,鈥� comes Ms. McNair-Lee鈥檚 customary greeting as her fourth-period class settles in on a frigid February morning. 鈥淕ood morning, Ms. McNair-Lee,鈥� comes the semi-cheerful response. They鈥檝e begun Unit 4, built around comparing works of art and literature.

It鈥檚 a good thing these units are optional, because Ms. McNair-Lee wrinkled her nose when she looked this one over. 鈥淚t doesn鈥檛 flow. It bounces around from genre to genre,鈥� she says. She鈥檚 thrown out big swaths of it, working with her new student-teacher, Michael Anderson, to devise different material.

Today, students are looking for connections between the 1982 painting 鈥淐harles the First,鈥� by the New York City artist Jean-Michel Basquiat, and the song 鈥淢ost Kingz鈥� by the rapper Jay-Z, both ruminations on the risks of accomplishment and fame. 69传媒 have been studying a variety of ekphrastic texts鈥攚ritings that react to art.

鈥淲e are practicing reading art just like text,鈥� Ms. McNair-Lee tells them. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a lot about interpretation. There is no right or wrong. But I want to challenge you to see that you have evidence to support what you鈥檙e saying. This is going to get our arguing skills up.鈥� Common core, she thinks. Citing evidence to support an argument.

Things are clicking; she beams as students clamor to answer her query about the roots of the word 鈥渆kphrastic.鈥� Several call out at once: 鈥淕reek!鈥� They pore over a 1923 Paul Klee painting and a poem by Nina Nyhart, extracting tidbits to build an argument about connections between the two.

鈥淵ou all have done some very high-level work today,鈥� their teacher says, smiling. 鈥淕ive yourselves a pat.鈥� Laughing, the students reach back, patting their own shoulder blades.

A few days later, though, the mood is more somber. In a lesson about figurative language, students are analyzing how authors compare nouns. They鈥檙e mulling a quote from Lois Lowry鈥檚 The Giver: 鈥淚t was as if a hatchet lay lodged in his leg, slicing through each nerve with a hot blade.鈥�

But they鈥檙e tongue-tied when Ms. McNair-Lee asks if the quote compares two nouns. Finally, a boy from the front table, where Mikel sits quietly, ventures that it compares 鈥渉atchet鈥� and 鈥渉ot blade.鈥�

She takes them step by step through another quote, 鈥淭he rain sounded like bullets.鈥� Does it use literal references? she asks. No, one student says, they鈥檙e not actual bullets. Does it compare nouns? Yes. Does it use 鈥渓ike鈥� or 鈥渁s鈥�? Yes. They鈥檙e getting it. Could it be literal? No. Is this an example of a literary device? Yes, a half-dozen students say.

What kind of literary device is this? Ms. McNair-Lee presses. 鈥淪imile,鈥� says a small voice at the back of the room. The teacher remembers a question from the last interim assessment, asking students to identify the literary devices in the cited text passage. She anticipates something similar on the year-end test. 鈥淪imile,鈥� she says, smiling and nodding.

Moments later, a stumbling block: No one can identify the verb in a short sentence: 鈥淟ife is a dream.鈥�

Ms. McNair-Lee resorts to a physical demonstration. She calls two students up front and has them stand on either side of her: the subject and the object. In the middle, she鈥檚 the verb.

鈥淭he subject is the one doing the action,鈥� she reminds. 鈥淭he verb is the action.鈥� Her frustration is tangible.

Later that afternoon, one of Ms. McNair-Lee鈥檚 higher-skills classes breezes through the literary-device exercise. Confidently, they navigate their way through figurative language, personification, and hyperbole.

A week later, with students off school for the day, Ms. McNair-Lee and Ms. Hawley join hundreds of district teachers and coaches for a professional-development day. They undertake the same close reading that the coaches tackled two weeks before, trying a variety of strategies to build scaffolds into the difficult reading.

Ms. Matthews-Meth, who co-facilitated the coaches鈥� training, tells them that this is about finding ways to expose students to complex text without overwhelming them. It鈥檚 about balancing support with the right amount of 鈥渁cademic press.鈥� The teachers work together to write text-dependent questions for the reading.

The Players

BRIAN PICK
Chief of Teaching and Learning
District of Columbia schools
鈥� Oversees curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development
鈥� Led the design of optional instructional units and modules, along with required interim assessments and professional development, for common standards
Read his profile, 鈥淕limpses of Poverty Lead Administrator to Education鈥�

SARAH HAWLEY
Instructional Coach
Stuart-Hobson Middle School
鈥� 13 years teaching; her first year as a coach
鈥� One of 113 coaches who work with teachers in nearly every school
Read her profile, 鈥淚nstructional Coach Jumps Into New Standards鈥�

KATIE FRANKLIN
Assistant Principal
Stuart-Hobson Middle School
鈥� One of two assistant principals at Stuart-Hobson; English/language arts and academic interventions are among her responsibilities
Read her profile, 鈥淎dministrator Seeks Sure Footing as Instructional Leader鈥�

DOWAN MCNAIR-LEE
8th Grade English/Language Arts Teacher
Stuart-Hobson Middle School
鈥� 11 years teaching, including eight at Stuart-Hobson
鈥� Her second year with this class; she taught the same students as 7th graders last year
Read her profile, 鈥淭eacher Finds Salvation in the Classroom鈥�

MIKEL ROBINSON
8th Grade Student
Stuart-Hobson Middle School
鈥� Deciding among several high schools for the fall
Read his profile, 鈥淓ighth Grader Looks Ahead to High School and Beyond鈥�

鈥� Catherine Gewertz

Later that morning, Ms. McNair-Lee and other members of the Stuart-Hobson team attend a session with the district鈥檚 literacy leaders to analyze and give feedback on a new close-reading module that鈥檚 been developed for Unit 4. The session reveals gaps in the district鈥檚 work to convey its resources and messages to teachers.

Several ask where to find the texts listed in the district鈥檚 scope-and-sequence, apparently unaware, halfway through the year, that links are available through the online educator portal. Others say many of those links don鈥檛 work.

Additional questions show confusion about key district goals: Are we supposed to stop doing shared reading and just let kids attack text cold? asks one middle school teacher, noting that she has received conflicting messages on the issue at today鈥檚 training.

Abby Welsheimer, Ms. Hawley鈥檚 coaching supervisor, responds that it depends on what a teacher is doing. 鈥淲e want kids to experience the text, ... then move on and ask questions,鈥� she says. 鈥淏ut if you know your kids aren鈥檛 getting it, you have to be flexible.鈥�

Back at their own school for the afternoon, Stuart-Hobson鈥檚 team members settle in for a plunge into the results of the Unit 3 interim test. Around a big conference table in the main office, the English/language arts team gathers with Ms. Hawley and Assistant Principal Katie Franklin.

This test took aim at eight of the common standards, and the results鈥攁ppearing on laptop displays and on stacks of printouts鈥攕how red-and-green breakdowns at the student and class levels, standard by standard.

Eighth graders had to read an article on rooftop gardens and answer questions about its central idea and supporting details. Two more excerpts, from articles about living outdoors, had similar questions and a brief essay comparing the authors鈥� attitudes about the topic.

The students read poems by William Wordsworth and Nixon Waterman and answered questions about word definitions, tone, the symbolic meaning of nouns, and how word choice illustrates a character鈥檚 point of view. They wrote brief essays on how the setting in Wordsworth鈥檚 poem helps develop its central idea.

And there鈥檚 that literacy-device question Ms. McNair-Lee had anticipated: Which device is used in the Waterman poem鈥攊diom, metaphor, simile, or personification? Only 48 percent of Mikel鈥檚 class got that one right.

There鈥檚 some great news here, though: Every one of Ms. McNair-Lee鈥檚 classes hit 鈥減roficiency鈥� level鈥攕hown in green on the results鈥攐n questions about determining the central idea in an informational text.

But students are all over the place on citing textual evidence to support an analysis of a text鈥檚 meaning, with many below proficiency, marked by red squares on the printouts. 鈥淥h, my children,鈥� Ms. McNair-Lee says, leafing through the results and shaking her head.

Mikel鈥檚 class printout shows a sea of red. A few students scored better than she鈥檇 have guessed, but overall, she鈥檚 disappointed with the class. 鈥淪omething was missing from my teaching,鈥� she says.

Mikel鈥檚 own column, too, is a swath of red, with only one green box鈥攆or determining central idea in informational text. 鈥淗e didn鈥檛 do well at all,鈥� his teacher says. 鈥淲e gotta work.鈥�

Ms. Franklin brainstorms with Ms. McNair-Lee and Mr. Anderson, her student-teacher, about how they鈥檒l approach their classes鈥� weaker zones as they resume teaching. They write up a plan and head back to their empty classrooms.

Walking slowly down the quiet hall, Ms. McNair-Lee feels exhausted and heavy. With 47 percent overall, Mikel did much better on this interim test than the last two, on which he answered fewer than a quarter of the questions correctly. But that鈥檚 nowhere close to where he needs to be, his teacher knows.

鈥淚 don鈥檛 think he鈥檚 not getting it,鈥� she says. She notes that Mikel can often articulate key ideas of a lesson when she works one on one with him. But she can鈥檛 often provide that kind of personal support in class.

鈥淪hould I do more tutoring after school?鈥� she wonders aloud now, still seeing in her head that long column of red squares below his name. 鈥淚 have my door open every day till 4:30, and he rarely comes. At what point am I doing enough?鈥�

Ms. Hawley鈥檚 coaching is meant to help with such struggles. In an upstairs classroom, Ms. McNair-Lee waits for a group session with half the 8th grade team about building students鈥� content and vocabulary knowledge through a 鈥渟tructured struggle鈥� with text. A 45-minute session turns into 25 minutes when, one by one, Ms. Hawley and the other teachers arrive late.

They revisit the excerpt studied in the coaches鈥� and teachers鈥� professional-development sessions, practicing the strategies they learned for close reading and text-dependent question writing.

Doing multiple reads of the same text risks being boring for students, says social studies teacher Sean McGrath. How do we deal with that? Ms. Hawley advises that teachers focus students on something a little different each time they read the text.

鈥淢aybe because I don鈥檛 do it right, it just seems so inauthentic,鈥� Mr. McGrath says. Ms. Hawley makes plans to co-teach a class with him to work on this issue together.

This is tough stuff, especially for teachers of subjects other than English, who are now expected, under the common core, to teach literacy skills that help students access materials in the different disciplines.

Later, after co-teaching with Mr. McGrath and observing the kinds of questions Ms. McNair-Lee poses to her own class, Ms. Hawley reflects on the nature of the work. 鈥淥ne of the biggest struggles with diving into the common core,鈥� she says, 鈥渋s that we are all learning it together.鈥�

It鈥檚 late February, and 8th graders are in the auditorium for an awards assembly. They鈥檙e a jumble of nudging elbows and twirling pencils, never quite quieting down. On the stage, Mikel joins a group being recognized for improving in one or more subjects鈥攊n his case, history and prealgebra鈥攁nd failing none. By the next grading period, he鈥檇 be out of the running for that award, with two F鈥檚 on his report card.

鈥淕ood morning, scholars,鈥� Ms. McNair-Lee says to her fourth period on a cold early-March morning.

Mikel is subdued today; he鈥檚 got a deep ache in an upper molar. He and his tablemates are supposed to be contrasting a character from Maya Angelou鈥檚 I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings with a woman depicted in a 1944 painting by the American artist William H. Johnson. But Mikel spends most of the period with his head down on folded arms.

Next period, his math teacher, Kelly Landers, walks him to the nurse. 鈥淚s there anything that can be done?鈥� she asks the front-office staff. 鈥淭here鈥檚 no learning going on today.鈥�

The school nurse can鈥檛 give Tylenol, and Mikel can鈥檛 get a ride home until school is out. He spends the rest of the day resting in the academic-intervention classroom. In the coming days, a dentist would extract the tooth.

Quietly, Ms. Franklin enters a classroom, her arm crooked around a clipboard. She moves among the students during a chaotic morning warm-up, asking them to explain what they鈥檙e doing. The children are her 鈥渨indow鈥� into their teacher, with whom she鈥檚 been working on classroom management. Ms. Franklin notes how the teacher鈥檚 loud voice and scattered style amplify the students鈥� nervous energy.

Today鈥檚 visits by the assistant principal are 鈥渋nformal,鈥� for feedback only, not for evaluation. In another classroom, she examines student work; this teacher needs help on his question-prompts to push kids to another level, she notes.

Making her observation rounds at Stuart-Hobson, Ms. Franklin sees plenty that鈥檚 inspiring: Teachers are digging deeper, trying new strategies. But she also finds cause for concern as the school goes full bore into the common core.

Too often, for instance, teachers ramp up the difficulty of questions they ask students, but fail to guide them. Not long ago, she watched as one teacher demanded sophisticated analysis of a Langston Hughes poem but didn鈥檛 show her students how to read the poem in a way that facilitated it. She later worked with the teacher on ways to do that.

But even though the school district has provided training sessions for assistant principals that include observing good common-core practice, Ms. Franklin is frustrated with her own limitations. She鈥檚 grateful that she has Ms. Hawley, the coach, as well as a 鈥渕aster educator鈥� to provide teacher feedback.

鈥淚 can see the room for growth; I just don鈥檛 always know how to get them there,鈥� says Ms. Franklin, who observes and gives feedback to 15 teachers every two weeks, as well as coaching on the spot. 鈥淪ometimes, I feel like the blind leading the blind.鈥�

Around the corner, Ms. McNair-Lee鈥檚 class is blazing through a vocabulary exercise. It鈥檚 mid-March, five weeks from the year-end tests, and they鈥檙e hitting on all cylinders. 鈥淎dmonished,鈥� she calls out. 鈥淲arned,鈥� a few students call back. 鈥淧halanx,鈥� she calls. 鈥淎 crowd,鈥� students say.

By the end of the month, they鈥檙e finishing up lessons on figurative language and moving into allusions and irony.

Ms. McNair-Lee is tired, not quite over a flu that sidelined her for two days last week. The test dates loom large in her head. 鈥淛ust as soon as I get some momentum, it seems like something happens,鈥� she says during a break. 鈥淎nd we only have like 12 instructional days left.鈥�

Today, the class is discussing types of allusions. 鈥淚f I say I want to click my heels and go home, what kind of allusion is that?鈥� Ms. McNair-Lee asks. 鈥淟iterary,鈥� a couple students call out. Most recognize that a cartoon about the dangers of dating Henry VIII is a historical allusion.

Mikel doesn鈥檛 seem clear on the concept. The teacher shows another cartoon, this time of a sad little train engine begging for change near a sign that says, 鈥淚 Thought I Could, I Thought I Could.鈥�

鈥淲hat kind of allusion is that, Mikel?鈥� she says. Startled, he ventures: 鈥淧op culture?鈥� No, she says, it鈥檚 literary. But she wonders: Did anyone read this story to him as a child?

At the district鈥檚 glassy headquarters, Brian Pick has been shepherding the pieces of the common-standards project. He鈥檚 hunkered down with the leadership team to analyze school-to-school literacy-assessment results. He鈥檚 met with leaders of the human-capital department to ease the sting of positions cut there because $5.7 million is earmarked for the common core. He鈥檚 visited a couple schools a week, looking for signs of what鈥檚 working and what isn鈥檛.

Today, he and Ms. Colgan, the literacy director, are gathered around a 12th-floor conference table with 10 area superintendents. Laptops open and color-blocked papers spread out, they鈥檙e building the professional-development calendar for 2013-14. Common core is the focus.

鈥淲e鈥檝e learned we need to go right to the teachers, ... not rely on coaches to do the turnkey,鈥� Mr. Pick tells them. 鈥淲e鈥檙e more successful when we train teachers directly,鈥� Ms. Colgan adds.

That is especially important next year, they tell the superintendents, as the district focuses on the writing standards. One superintendent makes an impassioned plea to revamp new teachers鈥� PD, replacing the focus on 鈥渁dministrivia鈥� such as pension benefits with strong, clear guidance on the district鈥檚 approach to literacy.

鈥淧reach, baby,鈥� Mr. Pick says with a broad grin, prompting chuckles around the table. 鈥淲e agree with you,鈥� says Ms. Colgan.

Next year, Mr. Pick says after the meeting, teachers will hear a more centralized set of messages about what the district seeks in its common-core teaching.