69传媒 a picture book aloud from her armchair, 20 children gathered on the rug at her feet, kindergarten teacher Jamie Landahl is carrying on a practice that鈥檚 been a cornerstone of early-literacy instruction for decades. But if you listen closely, you鈥檒l see that this is not the read-aloud of your childhood. Something new and very different is going on here.
What鈥檚 happening in Ms. Landahl鈥檚 classroom at Ruby Duncan Elementary School reflects a major shift in reading instruction brought about by the Common Core State Standards. In place in more than 40 states, the standards expect children to read text carefully and be able to cite evidence from it to back up their interpretations. That approach requires teachers to pose 鈥渢ext-dependent鈥� questions鈥攖hose that can be answered only with a detailed understanding of the material, rather than from students鈥� own experience. And it鈥檚 not just for complex high school books; it鈥檚 increasingly being used in reading stories aloud to young children.
Ms. Landahl鈥檚 lesson on a recent afternoon showed the strategy in action. As she turned the pages of Patricia Polacco鈥檚 Thunder Cake, she didn鈥檛 ask her students to share their feelings or experiences. Instead, she posed a series of questions that gently guided the class back to the story for answers.
The book recounts how the author鈥檚 grandmother taught her to manage her fear of thunderstorms by learning to tell how far away they were and hurrying to bake a cake before the rain began.
The teacher asked a cluster of questions aimed at helping the children understand that the author is also the narrator. 鈥淚 wonder who鈥檚 telling this story? Turn and talk to your buddy,鈥� she said.
And then: 鈥淥h, so the character is also the author?鈥�
When the narrator described the 鈥渟harp crackling light鈥� that frightened her, Ms. Landahl said: 鈥淲hat is she scared of?鈥�
Hands shot up. 鈥淭hunder!鈥� some children called out.
鈥淲ell, that鈥檚 the sound,鈥� Ms. Landahl replied. 鈥淪he can see the light, right?鈥�
There was a momentary pause, and then a girl said: 鈥淚t鈥檚 lightning.鈥�
Ms. Landahl embedded vocabulary instruction into the lesson, too. When the story said that Grandma took a deep breath as she watched the horizon, Ms. Landahl put on a confused face and said: 鈥淗mmm. What do you think 鈥榟orizon鈥� means?鈥�
The pupils took several passes at a definition, but struggled. Ms. Landahl pointed to the place in the picture where the sky meets the land. Continuing, she asked: 鈥淲hy did Grandma take a deep breath when she looked at the horizon?鈥�
鈥淢aybe she was thinking about something,鈥� one boy volunteered.
鈥淥r maybe she was trying to calm down,鈥� a girl next to him said.
鈥淪he was thinking what will she do, because the storm is coming,鈥� said another girl.
Teacher-Written Lessons
In that way, the children made their way through the book, piecing together its meaning. Then Ms. Landahl read the story again, and they acted out the parts in the book. Some children jumped up and roared when thunder appeared, and others stood up and shook little paper lightning bolts. Others played the protagonist, counting aloud the seconds between the lightning and the thunder, as the book shows her grandmother teaching her to do.
The Thunder Cake lesson is one of 82 that have been written collaboratively by more than 300 teachers across the country and stored online as part of a collective effort called the Read-Aloud Project. The Washington-based Council of the Great City 69传媒, which represents large urban districts, and Student Achievement Partners, in New York City, which supports common-core implementation, launched the project in 2013 to build a warehouse of free common-core-aligned lessons that teachers can use as is, or modify to fit their students鈥� needs.
The 318,000-student Clark County school district has waded deep into the work, using the Read-Aloud Project in all 218 of its elementary schools this year. A good chunk of the $7.5 million it spent on elementary-level books was for the texts that Read-Aloud Project lessons are built around, said Wendy Roselinsky, the district鈥檚 director of K-12 literacy and language development. District leaders see the Read-Aloud Project鈥攄ubbed 鈥淩AP"鈥攁s a key strategy in improving literacy skills in a student population that often struggles with reading.
Focus on Content
Lindsay Tomlinson, the assistant principal at Ruby Duncan Elementary, which enrolls 685 children, helped bring RAP to Clark County after participating in its early development. She鈥檚 a big fan of the text-dependent-question technique. Keeping the children鈥檚 focus on the content of the book helps ensure that they understand the story and that they build vocabulary and content knowledge, before they move on to discussing their feelings or personal experiences, she said.
The intense content focus also helps all children access the story equally, regardless of their individual life experiences, said Katrina Martinez, the instructional coach for the district region that includes Ruby Duncan.
鈥淭here鈥檚 a fine balance between when to ask questions that help children connect personally with the story and when to ask questions that help them understand the content,鈥� she said. 鈥淚n classes like ours, asking 鈥榃ho鈥檚 been to the ocean?鈥� might reach only a couple of our kids. We鈥檙e in the middle of a desert.鈥�
The books chosen for the read-alouds occupy a distinct niche in overall class text selection, Ms. Tomlinson said. Teachers tend to choose on-grade-level books for whole-group instruction and books at each student鈥檚 instructional level for individual reading, she said. But since children can understand oral language before written language, teachers try to use read-aloud books that are two to three grade levels above their students鈥� assigned grade to help them develop higher-level skills with teacher support, she said.
69传媒 aloud to children has a long history as a powerful classroom technique to build foundational literacy skills. It exposes children to different kinds of text structures and language, builds awareness of how sounds are connected to words, and demonstrates phrasing and fluency. Most importantly, in the eyes of many educators, it can foster a loving鈥攁nd they hope lifetime鈥攔elationship with reading.
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Some experts worry, however, that an approach like RAP鈥檚 can undermine the joy of the read-aloud.
鈥淲e have to be very careful that we don鈥檛 turn them off more than we turn them on,鈥� said Jim Trelease, the author of The Read-Aloud Handbook. It鈥檚 important to prepare children for a challenging book by acquainting them with its new vocabulary, he said. But 鈥渂reaking up the story constantly with, 鈥楲et鈥檚 talk about this,鈥� and 鈥榃hat about that?,鈥� Well, gee, how about the plot? All that stopping and starting can become an impediment.鈥�
Finding a Balance
Susan B. Neuman, the chairwoman of the department of teaching and learning at New York University鈥檚 Steinhardt School of Education, praised the Read-Aloud Project鈥檚 emphasis on helping children understand the content of the story. The trick, she said, is ensuring the right balance between reading for the sheer joy of it and delving into specifics for vocabulary and content mastery.
鈥淭oo many of our poor readers don鈥檛 focus enough on the text itself, and that鈥檚 a problem,鈥� she said. 鈥淭hey really need that rich content development. But some teachers can tilt too much toward obsessing about specific words without the larger picture, the sound, the feel of the book that鈥檚 being read. If it鈥檚 not done right, it can look too exercisey and can get excruciatingly boring.鈥�
To guard against that, the Read-Aloud Project approach reserves the first reading of a book for pleasure. Deeper dives are reserved for the second and third readings of a story. Each lesson envisions three or more readings of a book, each with a distinct focus, over several days. Children have the opportunity to make personal connections with the story early on, and again in the classroom activities built around the story.
After the second reading of Thunder Cake, the children in Ms. Landahl鈥檚 class filled out worksheets with graphic organizers shaped like thunderclouds to help them get ready to write about the story. They listed things that scare them, like thunderstorms, and talked about their experiences with big rainstorms. 鈥淚 saw a storm one time that was so big it flooded a whole road,鈥� one boy told Ms. Landahl.
Building Background Knowledge
In another wing of the school on the same day, 2nd grade teacher Nikki Longmore was using a RAP lesson to read aloud a nonfiction book: 14 Cows for America, which recounts how a Maasai tribe in Kenya sent cows to the United States as a gift of comfort after the Sept. 11 attacks.
On the second reading of the book, she stopped to ask the children to point out things in the story that showed the compassion of that gift: the Maasai鈥檚 deep reverence for cows, and the pain of 9/11, conveyed to them by a native son who had returned to his village from his medical studies in New York.
Ms. Longmore and her colleagues chose to customize that lesson. As written for RAP, it focused on themes of past and present, since the story flips back and forth between the two, a structure that can prove challenging for young students. But the 2nd grade team wanted to use the story to build students鈥� background knowledge of 9/11 also, so they chose to focus more discussion on that and paired it with another book: Sept. 12th: We Knew Everything Would Be All Right. That book was written and illustrated by 1st graders at a Missouri school who were upset by the plane crashes, but found reassurance and security in the recurring events of their days, such as their teacher reading to them at school.
During the read-aloud of 14 Cows for America, Ms. Longmore鈥檚 2nd graders were absorbing the messages of the Maasai鈥檚 gift and the tragedy of 9/11. The teacher asked the children to 鈥渢urn and talk鈥� with one another about a phrase in the story: The villager who told his tribesmen about 9/11 said that it 鈥渂urned a hole in his heart.鈥�
鈥淲hat is the author trying to tell us?鈥� Ms. Longmore asked the children.
鈥淭hat it made him sad,鈥� a boy said.
鈥淐an you provide some more support for your answer from what you鈥檝e read?鈥� the teacher asked.
鈥淏ecause the author told us that many people lost their lives,鈥� a girl said.
Ms. Tomlinson, the assistant principal, said that kind of focus on a story鈥檚 meaning leads her students more often to deeper understanding.
鈥淟istening to what they say in class,鈥� she said, 鈥渋t鈥檚 proof that they can reach those higher levels, with scaffolding, and they can get it.鈥�
