(This is the final post in a four-part series. You can see Part One , Part Two , and Part Three .)
The new question-of-the-week is:
What is agency and how can teachers encourage its growth among students?
鈥榮 contributors were Keisha Rembert, Sarah Ottow, Laurie Manville, Dr. Alva Lefevre, Dr. Lynell Powell, Dr. Felicia Darling, Paula Mellom, Rebecca Hixon, and Jodi Weber. You can listen to a I had with Laurie, Sarah, and Keisha on . You can also find a list of, and links to,
鈥榮 commentaries came from Adeyemi Stembridge, Mary Beth Nicklaus, Alycia Owen, and Dr. Laura Greenstein.
Debbie Silver, Jennifer Casa-Todd, and Bill Ivey provided responses in .
This four-part series is 鈥渨rapped up鈥� today with answers from Dr. Rebecca Alber, Andrea Keith, Tamara Fyke, Jenny Edwards, and Michael D. Toth.
Response From Dr. Rebecca Alber
Dr. Rebecca Alber teaches in the Graduate School of Education at UCLA. She is a blogger and consulting editor at Edutopia, a literacy specialist, and a compulsive reader. She dips into the Pacific Ocean as often as she can get away with:
Agency means choice and resources. In other words, as a learner, if I have agency in the classroom, my teacher has presented me with choices and with the resources I need to grow intellectually, emotionally, and socially. My teacher values and invests in me becoming resourceful on my own, becoming an independent learner, and wants me to have a voice in deciding the ways I will learn and how I will show my learning.
When I walk into a classroom to observe, I know there is student agency in the room when I hear the students discussing their ideas and their work in meaningful ways with their peers. If I ask students what they are working on, they can explain in detail the project or assignment and they can also explain why it is of value: 鈥淲e are learning this, ... and it is important to know this because...鈥� When there is student agency in the room, the teacher is comfortable and passionate about her primary roles: 鈥済uide on the side鈥� and 鈥渃ollector of resources.鈥� The teacher knows they are a facilitator and is strategic about when it is necessary to use direct instruction. And a teacher who values agency follows the lead of her students, even when it diverges from the curriculum or plan (divergent thinking is strongly encouraged, however inconvenient). A teacher who champions student agency will find, create, beg, and fundraise for all needed resources for learning so that students have the tools to empower themselves.
Types of statements we teachers can say to students to encourage agency: 鈥淲hat do you think?,鈥� 鈥淗ow would you like this assignment to look?,鈥� 鈥淚f you had a choice, what would you like to write about/create?,鈥� 鈥淲hat do you need to help you complete this project?,鈥� 鈥淲hat would feel best to you?鈥�
Response From Andrea Keith
Andrea Keith started her career in education more than 25 years ago, spending time as a classroom teacher in California, Colorado, and Illinois, before working for some of North America鈥檚 leading ed-tech companies:
Agency is the capacity to create, act on, reflect, and revise goals. In education, the term is often used interchangeably with other jargon, like voice & choice or student ownership. Ultimately, agency seems to be the goal of raising children. No matter what a student鈥檚 IQ, test scores, or interests are, we as parents and as a society want every child to become an adult who has agency. It鈥檚 important to recognize that there are multiple components to agency that all must be developed in balance to be effective.
The first part is the capacity to create your own goals, which is something education has not historically done. Since school began, someone in authority, be it a teacher or later an education agency, has determined what goals each student must attain. Our entire system of standards and assessment is based on goals that students have had no part in creating. The move toward personalized learning might help give students some practice in setting goals, although it seems much of what is available is more about choosing their own subgoals, while still aiming for the larger, predetermined standard. Teachers must work hard to find opportunities for students to create their own goals. Voice and choice is a first step, but once a student has chosen a book or a project, they need to be guided to set the learning goals that go with it, even if they are only creating their own subset of objectives, the process and practice is important to developing agency.
Taking action toward goals may be the component of agency that is most available in traditional schooling. The push for standards to be communicated to students is one way to help students recognize that they are taking action toward goals. Regularly using the term 鈥済oals鈥� with students can be a powerful way to help students internalize the value of agency.
Reflection on learning is another trend that encourages student agency. Being required to think about how learning is progressing, what worked, and more importantly, what didn鈥檛, encourages a growth mindset and student ownership. Digital portfolios are a great tool for this, though a simple journal can work just as well. Understanding when to revise a goal or to change or add to the action plan to achieve it is another crucial component to agency. Iteration is a process that applies to a multitude of subjects, projects, and life experiences, and giving students a chance to master something, to prove competency, rather than get a grade and move on, goes a long way to encouraging agency.
All of these components are important to the growth of student agency. Creating a goal without taking action is pointless. Taking action that doesn鈥檛 work toward a goal is demotivating. Reaching, or not reaching a goal without reflection on the journey or changing the path misses the opportunity to build self-awareness and confidence. Providing frequent and varied experiences with the process of setting, striving to attain, and achieving goals is the way to build agency in our students.
Response From Tamara Fyke
Tamara Fyke is an educator and creative entrepreneur with a passion for kids, families, and urban communities. She is the creator, author, and brand manager for , which equips K-8 educators with a social-emotional learning (SEL) curriculum that is both research-based and practical, and also provides the supporting resources necessary to empower students to be socially competent, emotionally healthy problem-solvers who discover and maintain a sense of purpose and make a positive difference in the world. Tamara is the editor of , a book that brings 12 wide-ranging perspectives on SEL to educators, parents, and leaders. Follow her on Twitter :
Bandura defines agency as the ability to influence one鈥檚 own course. In other words, agency is choice鈥攖he opportunity and power to choose.
One of my all-time favorite movies is , starring Michelle Pfieffer. There鈥檚 a scene in the film when the students are disengaged in class, which leads to a discussion about choice. Over and over she says,
When I first started working in urban schools in Nashville, Tenn., in the mid-'90s, I quickly realized that my students were like the kids in that film. I think that鈥檚 why the story on screen impacted me so deeply. The movie was a snapshot of their lives. Many of them didn鈥檛 believe they would live to the age of 21 because of the violence in their neighborhood. I knew that in order for my kids to put in the necessary effort at school, they needed to shift their belief systems because it is our that determine our behaviors.
The work of and her work around have helped educators gain a better understanding of the power of positive thinking. Before students can develop a growth mindset, they need to understand that they have a choice鈥攖he opportunity and power to make decisions.
A Different Pedagogy
In a world of test scores and technology, our students鈥� attention is often torn between school requirements and YouTube. With high-stakes testing, even though they are loathe to admit it, teachers often teach toward the test, leaving little room for innovation. However, outside the classroom, these same students access a world of knowledge from their . Although they spend time being entertained, they also spend time learning anything from music, dance, and makeup to coding, mechanics, and cooking. They know how to find the information they need and how to apply it to their real-life situations. Is it possible for us to reframe our classroom experiences in a similar manner?\
Both and , which parallel our workplace experiences as adults, empower students. By removing barriers and encouraging creativity, teachers become coaches, who are facilitating the learning. As we know, the key to good coaching is connection.
The Power of Personal Stories
In order to develop authentic connections with our students, we must let them know who we are as human beings. Sharing age-appropriate personal stories builds bridges between teachers and students, just as it builds bridges between teachers on a team and administrators and teachers in the building. Being real draws people to us. As Brene鈥� Brown discusses, there is power in .
By intentionally building relationships with our colleagues and students, our students learn that we are here for them to talk through their ideas, doubts, and questions. We become conversation-partners on their road to discovery.
Opportunities for Choice in the Classroom
This is a constructivist and liberationist view of learning. The work and wisdom of and inform this approach. What does it look like in the classroom? It looks like 鈥� dedicated spaces for learning tasks. It looks like 鈥攃learly outlined expectations and options for learning goals. It looks like 鈥攃ollaborative areas where students brainstorm and create. It looks like .
Our goal as educators is to create a safe place for students to learn and grow. The word 鈥渟afe鈥� encompasses physical, mental, and social domains. In this safe place, we can offer children the opportunity and power to choose with guidance and support so they learn that what they do and say matters. Our aim is for them to transfer their ability to make good and productive choices within the microcosm of the classroom to making good choices in their homes and neighborhoods both now and in the future.
Response From Jenny Edwards
Jenny Edwards teaches doctoral students in the School of Educational Leadership and Change at Fielding Graduate University in Santa Barbara, Calif. Edwards is the author of (ASCD), (ASCD), and Research on Habits of Mind (2014, Institute for Habits of Mind International):
According to 碍濒别尘别苍膷颈膷 (2017), 鈥渟tudent agency [is] students鈥� capabilities to intervene in and influence their learning environments and learning pathways鈥� (p. 69). Zimmerman (2015) described 鈥渟tudent agency鈥� as 鈥渢he concept that students should be in control of their educational decisions rather than following a prescribed path determined by others鈥� (p. 21). Martin (2004) defined 鈥渁gency [as] the capability of
鈥渋ndividual human beings to make choices and to act on these choices in ways that make a difference in their lives鈥� (p. 135).
(2017) explained that student-centered learning has a focus on developing student agency. Thus, student-centered learning would be an excellent way to develop student agency.
(2017) suggested that students who have agency also have high levels of efficacy. That is, they believe they can make a difference. 69传媒 with agency believe they can bring about changes. Williams suggested that teachers can build agency in students by pointing out how they solved problems and asking them to reflect on what they did to be successful.
SM (Costa & Garmston, 2016) can assist students in building agency. In this conversation, students talk about about something they did. The coach asks them questions to enable them to reflect on what they did to create their success. The coach asks questions related to the 鈥淔ive States of Mind,鈥� which are 鈥渆fficacy, flexibility, craftsmanship, consciousness, and interdependence鈥� with the goal of helping students to grow in these areas (p. 107).
Williams (2017) suggested that librarians are in an excellent position to give students choices. They can create 鈥渟ystems [that] enable each student to take charge of his or her learning, to own the experience of discovery, and follow a course that excites the student鈥� (p. 12). He observed that, 鈥渆nabling student agency requires that it pervade every aspect of each student鈥檚 experience鈥� (p. 12). He suggested that librarians can help build agency by valuing student opinions and allowing them to be themselves. In addition, students can choose the books they want to read for recreational reading. Librarians can make the books students write available in the catalog so that other students can check them out. When students can check out their own books without relying on the librarian to do so, they can develop a sense of agency.
(2016), with Discipline with Love and Logic, recommended that teachers provide many choices for students during the day. For younger students, the teacher could ask if they would prefer to carry their coats or wear them. 69传媒 at all ages could choose which project to complete or which learning center to complete. They could choose with whom they wanted to do a project and they could choose which book they wanted to read.
(2011) proposed multiple intelligences through which people learn. Teachers could invite students to choose how they would like to prepare projects and reports by using the multiple intelligences. They could choose between linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential intelligences.
As teachers, we have a variety of ways to encourage students to develop a sense of agency. What choices might you give your students today and in the weeks and months to come?
Response From Michael D. Toth
Michael D. Toth is founder and CEO of Learning Sciences International (LSI) and leads LSI鈥檚 Applied Research Center. He is an expert in research-based school improvement models, shifting instructional methodologies, root-causes analysis for school issues, and building 21st-century skills in students; he gives public presentations and advises education leaders on these issues. Toth is the author of several books鈥攈is latest is The Power of Student Teams: Achieving Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Learning in Every Classroom Through Academic Teaming with David Sousa, and more of his commentary on academic teaming can be found on :
Do 69传媒 Have Agency in a Traditional Classroom?
The American Institutes for Research (AIR) defines student agency as 鈥渢he ability to manage one鈥檚 learning.鈥� This deceptively simple definition actually implies a significant shift in thinking about the role of the student and the role of the teacher.
In a traditional classroom, the teacher manages student learning, delivering direct instruction, monitoring to ensure student understanding and behavior is on track, offering clarification and remediation, and eventually assessing students鈥� mastery of the content. 69传媒 have very little agency in this process; teachers have the agency.
Systems for Student Autonomy
In order for students to effectively manage their own learning, they need an environment of autonomy鈥攖hat is, a learning environment where students do not constantly rely on the teacher for guidance. However, student autonomy without the proper structures in place would result in chaos. There must be systems which create the conditions for students to take ownership of their own learning. These systems are most effectively implemented through a daily instructional process called academic teaming, where students collaborate, peer coach, and peer teach while engaged in rigorous, standards-based tasks.
In their academic teams, students have agency because there is transparency, structure, and peer interdependence built into the teaming process. Transparency comes from students knowing exactly what they are learning, why they are learning it, and how they will know when they mastered it through the learning targets and success criteria which are used for every team task. Structure comes from the team roles, norms, and protocols which explicitly teach students the skills for conflict resolution and self-efficacy so they can function independently from the teacher. Peer interdependence comes from students working together on a cognitively challenging task that requires them to rely on each other and push each other鈥檚 thinking as they work toward achieving the learning target.
From 鈥淪tudent Agency鈥� to 鈥淧eer Agency鈥�
69传媒 not only gain agency over their own learning in academic teams, they also reach a new level of agency where they take responsibility for their team members鈥� learning, a concept called peer agency. When students develop peer agency, they are able to support and push their team members in a way that would traditionally be performed by the teacher. In fact, when students work in high-functioning academic teams, they can take over many of the responsibilities the teacher holds. 69传媒 track their own and their peers鈥� learning and manage their own behavior, assess their own and their peers鈥� mastery of the content (verified by the teacher), and offer timely peer interventions to close daily learning gaps.
When students develop peer agency, that means they can actually help other students develop their own agency. Academic-teaming classrooms give students the opportunity to have the most agency possible as they increase their resilience, leadership, motivation, and empathy in ways they wouldn鈥檛 be able to in a traditional classroom.
Thanks to Rebecca, Andrea, Tamara, Jenny, and Michael for their contributions.
Please feel free to leave a comment with your reactions to the topic or directly to anything that has been said in this post.
Consider contributing a question to be answered in a future post. You can send one to me at lferlazzo@epe.org. When you send it in, let me know if I can use your real name if it鈥檚 selected or if you鈥檇 prefer remaining anonymous and have a pseudonym in mind.
You can also contact me on Twitter at .
Education Week has published a collection of posts from this blog, along with new material, in an e-book form. It鈥檚 titled Classroom Management Q&As: Expert Strategies for Teaching.
Just a reminder; you can subscribe and receive updates from this blog via or And if you missed any of the highlights from the first seven years of this blog, you can see a categorized list below. The list doesn鈥檛 include ones from this current year, but you can find those by clicking on the 鈥渁nswers鈥� category found in the sidebar.
I am also creating a .
Look for the next question-of-the-week in a few days.