Some instructional approaches associated closely with special education are gaining traction more quickly than ever as more states and districts look to them as the ideal tools to implement the Common Core State Standards.
In particular, two strategies鈥攗niversal design for learning and response to intervention鈥攁re being cited by states in requests for waivers from the No Child Left Behind Act in the section about how they will implement the standards. Those familiar with the techniques say the pairings are logical, and the timing is right.
鈥淭o us, it makes perfect sense. With UDL, you really do start with addressing goals that are applicable for all learners,鈥� said Patti Ralabate, the director of implementation for the Center for Applied Special Technology in Wakefield, Mass., which helped develop UDL.
Broadly, universal design for learning is an instructional method that involves creating lessons and classroom materials flexible enough to accommodate different learning styles. And response to intervention is an approach intended to provide early identification of students鈥� learning problems paired with the use of focused lessons鈥攊nterventions鈥攖o address those problems before it鈥檚 too late.
鈥淲ithout a system to be responsive to student need, we鈥檙e kind of back where we started with standards: aiming at the middle. There was going to be nothing intrinsically new unless we seized upon an opportunity to make this about every kid,鈥� said Emilie Amundson, the assistant director of content and learning for the Wisconsin education department. 鈥淲e have an opportunity to sell RTI as a process that helps implement the common core as opposed to this thing you do for special ed.-identification or special education.鈥�
And because the common-core standards are new, the timing is perfect for states to shift to using UDL and RTI, said Ricki Sabia, the chairwoman of the National UDL Task Force in Washington and the associate director of the National Down Syndrome Society, based in New York City.
States are 鈥渞edoing their curriculum anyway. We never expected people to just throw out everything and start all over,鈥� Ms. Sabia said. 鈥淣ow, all of a sudden, they are changing everything.鈥�
Marrying Strategy, Content
Districts already using either or both approaches say there is no question about their benefits for implementing the common-core standards.
When the Bartholomew Consolidated school district in Columbus, Ind., began reworking its approach to instruction to incorporate the principles of universal design for learning a few years ago, it was presented from the start as something to be used with all students, regardless of whether they had a disability.
That approach will stick as the district begins teaching the common-core standards, said George Van Horn, the special education director for the 12,000-student district.
鈥淲e don鈥檛 believe there鈥檚 something for one segment of students that鈥檚 not for the benefit of other students,鈥� he said. He illustrates this for some teachers by noting the utility of closed captioning in a crowded bar or noisy gym. 鈥淚t was created for people with hearing difficulties, yet look at the benefit,鈥� he said.
When a science teacher incorporated common-core vocabulary into her lessons, she didn鈥檛 order students to memorize a list and take a test鈥攁 task some students wouldn鈥檛 be able to manage. Instead, students were able to show they鈥檝e learned the words using journals, doing some kind of project, or carrying out a computer activity. The latter approach reflects the work the district is working on with Ms. Ralabate鈥檚 center to improve literacy instruction across subjects, a demand of the common-core standards.
In the Chelmsford, Mass., school system, universal design for learning has been applied in pockets across the 5,000-student district for several years, said Kristan Rodriguez, the assistant superintendent of curriculum and instruction.
Now, the district is working with the Center for Applied Special Technology on marrying UDL with teaching the common-core standards that require students to show their prowess in persuasive and informative writing.
But teachers already familiar with UDL who are teaching the standards鈥擬assachusetts students will be tested on the English/language arts common-core standards next year鈥攁re using it with other standards already, Ms. Rodriguez said.
A recent example: A middle school English teacher said some of her students who had taken a midterm didn鈥檛 show mastery of certain skills on the exam. She split them into groups, matching those who missed similar questions, and asked them to demonstrate their knowledge of those skills in another way, by teaching it to the rest of the class.
Providing students with choice, a different way of expressing themselves, is one of the core tenets of UDL.
鈥淜ids that initially had trouble with understanding those skills created an activity that demonstrated their mastery,鈥� she said.
Doubling Up
The shift in the use of UDL is also significant for students because of the very aim of the new standards, Ms. Sabia said, which is to produce a generation better prepared for life after high school.
鈥淏eing college- and career-ready is not just about mastering content. It鈥檚 about knowing how to approach things,鈥� she said. When students know the most effective ways to learn and express themselves, those are strategies they can use the rest of their lives. But if they know something, and their teachers can鈥檛 tell, 鈥測ou鈥檙e wasting time reteaching. And the kids are getting frustrated,鈥� she said.
An ideal situation for implementing the common-core standards would be one in which UDL and RTI are employed together鈥攚hich is the approach in Chelmsford and other Massachusetts districts, Ms. Sabia said.
鈥淯DL is key for RTI. If you鈥檙e not letting [students] show what they know,鈥� Ms. Sabia said, 鈥測ou鈥檙e not going to know whether the intervention is working.鈥�
The Center for Applied Special Technology is working with several districts specifically on connecting the common-core standards with UDL, Ms. Ralabate said. It recently received an $800,000 grant from the Seattle-based Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to work with four districts for a year on implementing UDL in sync with the standards, including Chelmsford, Bartholomew, and in Maryland, the systems in Baltimore and Cecil counties. (The Gates Foundation also provides support for coverage of K-12 business and innovation in Education Week.)
In the past, much of the center鈥檚 work has been about just informing people what universal design for learning is, Ms. Ralabate said.
鈥淭his gives us the opportunity to do more than just awareness-building. It gives us the opportunity to do a lot of matching and coordinating between other initiatives and UDL,鈥� she said.
Other states and districts are working through these coordination efforts on their own.
In the Kent Independent School District in the Grand Rapids, Mich. area, special education director Laurie VanderPloeg said pieces of UDL had been in place long before the common-core standards. The strategy was targeted at only a fraction of Kent County鈥檚 109,000 students. Now, UDL has been embedded in the curriculum districtwide.
鈥淏efore, it was students with disabilities who had it as accommodations,鈥� she said. Now, all students benefit, and there is less attention on whether an individual student has a disability.
In North Carolina, universal design for learning has been used for a while, said Claire Greer, the state education department鈥檚 consultant for autism, severe, and multiple disabilities and the coordinator of its deaf-blind project. But because of the common-core standards, the attitude about its use and potential has changed dramatically, she said.
鈥淔or the first time, it鈥檚 a part of instruction. That is the shift that鈥檚 being made. The UDL information is no longer just housed in special ed.,鈥� Ms. Greer said. 鈥淯DL is ... not about special ed.; it鈥檚 about all learners.鈥�
Challenges Remain
New approaches to instruction won鈥檛 erase the challenges of implementing standards that are more demanding of students and teachers than most states鈥� existing standards. In the 2,800-student Mason County, Ky., district, students with disabilities鈥� education plans are now being written based on the standards, said Greta Stanfield, its special education director.
Some teachers 鈥済et these big deer-in-the-headlights looks. 鈥榃e can鈥檛 teach all those standards in one year,鈥� 鈥� teachers say. Instead, they determine which standards are truly essential, she said.
鈥淐an they achieve the same [amount of standards] in a single year? No,鈥� Ms. Stanfield said. 鈥淓ven our gifted students are struggling.鈥�
To help students who show they are falling behind, the district has increased the amount of time they spend on math from 55 minutes a day to 90. Most of those students have disabilities, she said. Next school year, some will have 60 minutes more on top of that, at the expense of classes she said she knows are engaging, such as art.
For students with disabilities, the standards, accepted by all but four states, could eliminate some of the time students with disabilities lose moving between schools and states, said Lindsay Jones, the senior director of policy and advocacy services for the Council for Exceptional Children in Arlington, Va.
鈥淵ou should be able to do that and not worry鈥攅specially for kids with disabilities where transition is a huge issue,鈥� she said.
But one overarching fear remains, despite the changes to instruction the standards may bring, improvements to education plans, and the smoothing of transitions.
鈥淲hat we saw in the beginning of No Child Left Behind was, blame the kids with disabilities鈥攖hey鈥檙e so far behind,鈥� 鈥� Ms. Jones said. Indeed, many schools failed to make the law鈥檚 hallmark adequate yearly progress benchmark solely because of students with disabilities.
As the stakes for schools have risen, with demands increasing for all students, 鈥渋t was all of a sudden, 鈥榃ait a minute. Everybody鈥檚 behind,鈥� 鈥� Ms. Jones said.
The rigorous new standards may once again turn students with disabilities into scapegoats for poor school performance, she said.
鈥淚 think you鈥檙e going to see the same thing,鈥� Ms. Jones said. 鈥淚鈥檓 concerned that will repeat itself.鈥�
