At 6 p.m., with Chennai鈥檚 humid sun low on the horizon, Subashini Menon paces the roof of her house, reading in a quiet staccato from a heavy computer-science textbook. Pencil-thin arms and legs stick out from her black skirt and blue blouse. Oversized glasses cover her face, except for an ear-to-ear smile that breaks out easily and often when she speaks.
鈥淭his is my favorite place to study because it鈥檚 so peaceful here,鈥� the 15-year-old says, gesturing around her at the small space that offers a view of the tops of the palm and papaya trees growing abundantly in the neighborhood. She spends hours here each evening. About half a mile away is her favorite part of the view鈥攁n ornately carved temple sitting atop a hill.
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But over the edge of Subashini鈥檚 haven, the view changes dramatically. Slums are all around, as far as the eye can see. A woman washes aluminum dishes for the evening鈥檚 dinner on the mud streets outside her hut. More women, with colorful plastic pots, line up at a single public tap to collect drinking water that trickles out for an hour once a week.
Subashini, who stands under 5 feet tall, dreams of lifting her mother and two siblings out of this poverty and away from the barren structure they now call home.
鈥淚 want to become a computer engineer and move to the United States,鈥� she says, the words tumbling over each other in their eagerness to get out.
She works hard. When she鈥檚 not studying on the roof, Subashini is at school or, at night, in the house鈥檚 only bedroom, studying more. The only break she gets is the bicycle ride to and from school, and that is no picnic. With the heavy traffic on rough, potholed roads, it can take as long as 45 minutes. Her uniform鈥攁 white tunic, blue drawstring pants, and a long blue scarf neatly folded over her shoulders鈥攇ets caked with dust and exhaust.
India is now in the throes of a higher education revolution, and its colleges are churning out thousands of professionals each year. The country, where 35 percent of the population still cannot read and write, has successfully positioned itself as one of the world鈥檚 foremost producers of math, science, and technology graduates, forcing current leaders in the field鈥攊ncluding the United States鈥攖o take a closer look.
For many families, getting a child into engineering college is something of a life鈥檚 mission: A degree is considered a ticket to wealth and success. And on the student鈥檚 part, it takes total commitment and even an obsession with learning to beat the heavy competition for a limited number of seats in the country鈥檚 best colleges.
Single-Minded Pursuit
An 11th grade student who lives in the slums of Chennai, Subashini Menon studies for hours late into the evening on the roof of her house, from which she can see an ornately carved temple at the top of the hill. Subashini goes to a private school on scholarship, but her widowed mother cannot afford the coaching classes that most engineering and medical college aspirants from the middle class attend. Still, the 15-year-old believes that if she works hard, she will pass the college-entrance exam and earn one of the scholarships set aside for children from the most disadvantaged families.
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According to Malathy Balakrishnan, the principal of the 2,500-student Sri Sankara Vidyalaya high school that Subashini attends, a majority of students who enter the plus-1 and plus-2 grades, similar to the 11th and 12th grades in the United States, hope to get into the school鈥檚 computer-science track that prepares them for engineering college.
Usually a student鈥檚 entire family gets involved in the process, from deciding where the student will attend college to which subject he or she will pursue. Parents put their own lives on hold, canceling vacations and forgoing entertainment. Those who cannot afford to pay for higher education take out large loans.
69传媒 spend hours each day, seven days a week, attending coaching classes where they are repeatedly drilled and tested in math and science, the two subjects they must master to make it through the grueling entrance exam.
Especially in the final two years of school, most aspiring engineers give up every extracurricular activity and immerse themselves in books for more than 12 hours a day. It has been a long time since Subashini had time for one of her favorite hobbies, drawing.
While Balakrishnan personally believes it would be healthier for students to devote some time to other activities, including sports, she says there is not much she can do about it other than make sure they get two 45-minute periods of mandatory physical education each week.
鈥淲hen it comes to engineering seats, even one-tenth of a percent of a difference in your marks matters,鈥� the principal says.
Fear of such intense competition is what drives Nirmal Kumar, a 12th grader at the same school, who wants to become an electronic engineer. Since he entered the 11th grade last year, he has put away his coin and stamp collections. He doesn鈥檛 play his favorite game, cricket. And he rarely hangs out with his friends, most of whom are too busy anyway because they are also studying to become engineers.
The tall young man with oiled hair, each strand combed neatly in place, casts a guilty eye toward his father when he admits he misses playing the drums. His father, Ravindra Kumar, immediately points out that music is not something he could have made a living from.
Nirmal鈥檚 daily routine is not unlike Subashini鈥檚. He rises at 4 a.m., drinks a cup of coffee his mother has already made for him, and then plunges headlong into study until 7:30 a.m., when he leaves for school. After he returns at 4:30 p.m., he studies more until 6:30 and then leaves for his coaching class, which runs until 9:30. Back home at 10 p.m., he eats dinner, and, unless it is exam time, goes to bed by 11. He doesn鈥檛 mind the punishing routine. 鈥淚 want to have a good career, a good future,鈥� he says.
Behind Nirmal鈥檚 decision to become an engineer is his father. Ravindra Kumar is a quintessential Indian patriarch who says he believes he is the best person to decide his children鈥檚 future. He has carved out a comfortable, middle-class life. His family wants for nothing, but, Kumar says, he wants more for his first son.
He is generous when things go his way: He has promised Nirmal the latest model of the best motorcycle on the market if he gets into a good college after passing the engineering-entrance exams, which every aspiring engineer in the state will take after 12th grade.
When Nirmal is at home, studying in a small room at a desk piled high with books, Kumar has instructed his wife, Kasturi, his other son, Manoj, and his elderly parents to tiptoe around, making sure Nirmal has no distractions. When Nirmal wants a glass of water, all he has to do is call out, and his mother rushes to get it for him.
The television set in the living room has not been turned on in months, on Kumar鈥檚 instructions. When a tailor鈥檚 shop next door plays a movie song, Kumar rushes over to ask him to turn down the volume.
But the urge to be just a normal teenager is overwhelming, and sometimes even the diligent Nirmal cheats. He says he loves Hollywood movies like 鈥淭itanic鈥� and 鈥淛urassic Park.鈥�
鈥淎nd I like the way Britney Spears dances.鈥�
On an occasional Sunday, he sneaks out to watch a movie. What does his father think about that? 鈥淥h, he thinks I am studying at a friend鈥檚 house,鈥� says Nirmal, a rare, shy smile breaking out.
An Obedient Son
Since Nirmal Kumar, far right, entered the 11th grade last year, he鈥檚 stowed away his coin and stamp collections. He鈥檚 also given up playing his favorite game, cricket, and hanging out with his friends. Instead, he spends all his time either in school, in coaching class, or at home studying. Much of his father鈥檚 and mother鈥檚 lives revolves around helping Nirmal attain the family鈥檚 goal: getting him, their eldest son, into an engineering college and landing a well-paying job in the United States. His teachers say Nirmal should have no trouble passing the college-entrance exam.
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With a population of nearly 7 million, Chennai, formerly known as Madras, is India鈥檚 fourth-largest city. Tamil Nadu, the south Indian state where Chennai is the capital, has scrambled to the lead in the engineering race with the largest number of such colleges in the country. More than two-thirds of them have opened in the past seven years alone.
Thousands of Chennaites with engineering degrees, particularly in computer science, have moved to the West, including to the United States, or have prospered in India鈥檚 rapidly growing economy. Their wealth and India鈥檚 recent globalization are rapidly changing this once-conservative city, with its long tradition of classical Indian art, into a modern metropolis where teenagers hang out at discos and pizza parlors, and use cellphones to instant-message friends over cable-television. Five-star hotels line the road to the airport, throbbing with international travelers.
Pammal, a suburb just outside the city, is riding this wave into the future. In the past few years, its population has multiplied many-fold. Brick and cement houses have sprouted by the dozens on once-arid land, and motorcycles and Korean cars roar with middle-class affluence.
In Nirmal鈥檚 home, decorative tiles tattooed with red swirls cover the floors of every room, and even the porch outside. The living room is furnished with upholstered chairs and a couch. Kumar plans to buy his son a computer this month with the bonus that Kumar will get from his employer during Diwali, a Hindu festival that celebrates prosperity.
鈥淏ut I will monitor Internet use,鈥� he says. 鈥淚 don鈥檛 want it to become a toy.鈥�
Kumar, a farmer鈥檚 son who moved to Chennai 30 years ago, operates a steam boiler for a factory in Chennai. He once dreamed of becoming an engineer himself, but couldn鈥檛 afford to go beyond high school. Although he is by no means a wealthy man, he has, through a lifetime of hard work and years of rigorous saving, set aside enough money to give his sons a good education. Should his second son get into engineering college, though, he says he would have to sell some land he inherited from his family.
Engineering college in India is expensive, costing $500 to $1,500 a year, a fortune for most middle-class Indians. Some colleges charge 鈥渆xtras鈥� for transportation and lab facilities, and the expenses add up quickly. Wealthier students who fail to make it through the entrance exams can choose to 鈥渂uy鈥� engineering seats with large donations to a college.
Kumar places a high value on education鈥攆or boys. If he had a daughter, he says, speaking Tamil through a translator, his top priority would be to get her married.
Nirmal was in the 7th grade when his father sat him down and mapped out his future. Kumar would like him to go to the United States 鈥渂ecause no one else in our family has ever been there鈥攁nd because you can make a good salary.鈥�
There appear to be few doubts about Nirmal鈥檚 future as an engineer. Although he is incredibly shy and almost disappears into the 50-student classroom at school, teachers describe the 16-year-old as bright, and call him a good candidate for engineering college.
鈥淗e makes around 85 percent at school, and we are not very liberal with marks. He will easily score above 90 percent in the engineering-entrance exams,鈥� says his computer teacher, S. Balaji. Balaji remembers a short movie Nirmal made a year ago, using a Flash player. 鈥淭his was way beyond his [grade] level,鈥� the teacher says. 鈥淗e had to learn several features that were not in his curriculum.鈥�
A World Apart
About two miles from the buzzing development of Pammal are the slums of Thiruneermalai, where life has stood still for decades.
Women in saris bunched up above their knees bend to work in water-logged rice fields; men milk cows outside huts.
The huts stand in haphazard rows, dry-palm leaves woven together for the roofs and mud walls caked with cow dung, a natural antiseptic. In their midst, Subashini Menon鈥檚 house stands apart, testimony to another kind of tragedy.
It is a brick structure, one story tall. But no plaster is on the bricks, and naked electric wires dangle dangerously from the walls. The stairs to the roof are unfinished, and there is no railing. One of the house鈥檚 two bedrooms is unusable, filled with sand left behind by a construction crew. Three years ago, Subashini鈥檚 father, a bus driver for the state transport corporation, died in an accident, and her mother could no longer afford to continue the construction. She used the $4,000 she received as compensation from her husband鈥檚 employer to pay off the expenses already incurred for construction and other loans.
The bright sunshine of Chennai struggles to enter the small living room through a window covered with a rag. Small shelves have been dug out of the naked brick, and the only decorations are pictures of Hindu deities from old calendars and some cards Subashini made using images from old greeting cards. On the door, the father鈥檚 name, 鈥淩. Menon,鈥� is spelled out using letters cut from newspapers.
Subashini鈥檚 mother, Manickavasuki Menon, the family鈥檚 only wage earner, makes just over $30 monthly, working eight hours a day, six days a week, doing odd jobs for a cotton-garments factory. Subashini鈥檚 older brother, Sureshkumar Menon, wanted to become a computer engineer himself but had to settle for a certificate course at a local institute. Their mother struggles to pay the $100 annual fee even as her son dreams of going to college one day.
A week after her husband died, the 38-year-old widow tried to poison herself.
Subashini鈥檚 8th grade teacher, Jayageetha Sridharan, remembers how Subashini continued to attend school through all the tumult, rarely missing a day. Though she is a diligent student, who sits in the front row and speaks up in class, the pressure nevertheless began to take its toll. 鈥淪he just couldn鈥檛 pay attention in class,鈥� says Sridharan. It was only when she pulled Subashini aside that the proud young girl broke down and told her all that had happened.
Sridharan visited her student鈥檚 home and spoke with her mother. 鈥淚 told her she had to live for her children, that she was the only support they have.鈥�
Three years later, the sadness is still in Manickavasuki Menon鈥檚 hunched shoulders, as she shows a photo of her husband. When Subashini is not listening, she admits she will never be able to afford to send her to engineering college.
Ironically, though, the family has one advantage: The Menons belong to a lower caste. Indian law allocates a percentage of seats in colleges for children from lower castes to make up for centuries of oppression by Brahmins, the group that sits atop India鈥檚 punishing caste system, which is based solely on birth.
But competition for those seats is also fierce, and the fees, though reduced, would still be high.
Subashini also cannot afford the extras that most other aspiring engineers, including Nirmal, can: coaching classes that drill students for hours each day. They are considered almost a necessity for passing the entrance exams, because schoolteachers often cannot cover in close detail the lengthy math and science syllabus.
Right now, Subashini鈥檚 textbooks come from charitable students who have moved on to a higher grade. 鈥淢ost of the things we have are second-hand,鈥� says her sister, Sujatha, 16, who wants to become an officer in the Indian civil service. She adds quickly, 鈥淏ut we are satisfied with what we have.鈥�
Even food is scarce. Each morning, Subashini gulps down a watery rice gruel for breakfast but doesn鈥檛 pack a lunch for school. At home, her meals are usually rice and lentils and, perhaps, a vegetable dish.
Principal Balakrishnan, a motherly woman who takes a deep interest in her students, recalls how years ago Subashini鈥檚 father walked into her office with his three youngsters, begging that she take them in, although he could not afford the fees on his bus driver鈥檚 salary.
Sri Sankara Vidyalaya is a private school that charges around $11 a month in tuition. Still, Balakrishnan says she was moved by Menon鈥檚 determination to educate his children, although he had not made it past the 10th grade.
She took in all three children on a scholarship, a decision the principal says she鈥檚 never regretted because Subashini and her siblings have been very good students. Despite Subashini鈥檚 intelligence and strong will to succeed, though, Balakrishnan wonders how someone so poor can pay for an engineering education. 鈥淏ut she has a mother who knows the value of education, and that helps,鈥� she says.
Subashini鈥檚 face clouds when she talks about her family鈥檚 dire financial situation, but, she says, she will continue to focus on her goal and hope things work out. She recalls the time she took part in an 800-meter walk and won, despite the doubts of her family and teachers who had thought she was too weak physically to make it. 鈥淚 am slow but steady,鈥� she says with a smile.
From her roof she points to the temple on the hill with its image of the Hindu god Vishnu, known locally as Ranganathan.
鈥淚 also have his blessings.鈥�
