With children of color making up a growing share of Oregon students, state education officials five years ago took another hard, long look at how those students were doing.
What they saw was sobering but not surprising: Despite attempts to close achievement gaps between students of color, immigrant students, and low-income students and their more affluent white peers, wide disparities persisted in student performance on state tests, graduation rates, school attendance, and college-going rates. So Oregon tried a different approach. In 2011, education agencies adopted an 鈥渆quity lens,鈥� a public policy statement explicitly acknowledging the salience of race and ethnicity in contributing to disparate student outcomes and committing to narrow achievement and opportunity gaps from cradle to career through a focus on race and ethnicity.
Envisioned as a kind of 鈥済uiding document鈥� to focus discussion and action on achievement gaps within the state and between Oregon and other states, the equity lens was unusual for its time. It lays out a set of beliefs that sees students鈥� second language as an 鈥渁sset鈥� to be celebrated and advocates culturally responsive supports for English-language learners and embracing students鈥� history.
The lens also calls for addressing the overrepresentation of children of color in special education and their underrepresentation in Advanced Placement and gifted and talented programs. Recognizing that achievement gaps begin early in life, the policy also emphasizes access to high-quality prekindergarten. It seeks to ensure that teachers are focused on equity and it expects educators to think deeply before making major decisions about who will be disadvantaged by those decisions, whether those stakeholders were included in the process, and if not, why.
鈥淲e needed to make sure that we had diverse opinions and thinking that would advantage all kids, not just my kids,鈥� said Robert Saxton, a former deputy superintendent of public instruction at the Oregon education department when the 鈥渆quity lens鈥� was adopted.
Now, the state is still struggling to close achievement gaps and the equity lens is seen as a very-much alive educational equity tool in that state, say those involved in its creation.
Expanding Infrastructure
The new lens built on other state equity initiatives that were already underway, said Pat Burk, an education professor at Portland State University, who has also held leadership positions in the Portland public schools and the state education department.
Those efforts included:
- Development of tests aimed at providing fine-grained data on how students were doing on specific test items.
- A review of state educator-licensing standards that led to changes to integrate cultural competency and equitable practices into teacher- and administrator-preparation programs.
- Partnering with the state鈥檚 four largest districts to work on their equity and diversity challenges.
Because of those actions, an infrastructure was already in place in some districts by 2011 to put the policies into practice. As a result, some districts were able to continue to focus on equity even as state financial contributions toward district-level equity work diminished during the Great Recession, Burk said.
At the state level, education officials use the equity lens as a criteria for disbursing grants. Districts seeking grants must show that their programs would address achievement gaps. The state education agency also uses the lens to seek additional funding for programs for traditionally underserved populations, including for the creation of education plans for African-American and American Indian/Native Alaskan students, Saxton said.
As the state鈥檚 student population grows more diverse, the teaching force remains largely white, despite state and school district efforts to put more teachers of color in schools.
Source: Oregon Department of Education
But the achievement gaps are proving difficult to eradicate. In the 2014-15 school year, for example, only 33.1 percent of Hispanic students and 32.4 percent of African-Americans in grades 3-5 were at Levels 3 or 4鈥攖he top two levels鈥攐n the state鈥檚 English/language arts exams. That compares with 67.6 percent for Asian students and 57.6 percent for white students.
鈥淚 think we will see some differences in outcomes over time, but it鈥檚 going to take a while,鈥� Saxton said. 鈥淲e know what the results are going to be if we don鈥檛 do anything. ... We don鈥檛 know what the results are going to be when we do something different.鈥�
Burk said tackling the policy first was the right step.
Persistent Gaps
Change will not happen by 鈥渓eaving something to the goodwill or personal motivation of a particular leader, or principal, or classroom teacher,鈥� he said. Some districts adopted the equity lens in whole or in part. Some use it in making hiring decisions.
Even so, the state has made less progress than it expected in creating a more-diverse educator workforce to serve its increasingly diverse student population. In a 2015 report to the state legislature, the state education department conceded that while it had increased the number of culturally and linguistically diverse teachers in the system, the state needed to do more. In the 2014-15 school year, students of color made up 36 percent of the state鈥檚 K-12 student enrollment, yet only 8.5 percent of teachers were nonwhite. Latinos鈥攖he largest minority group鈥攁ccounted for 22.4 percent of state K-12 enrollment that year but only 3.9 of teachers.
Eugene Superintendent Gustavo Balderas, a former English-language learner himself, said it鈥檚 important that students of color have both high-quality teachers and teachers who look like them and understand their language and culture. 鈥淭here is a strong need for modeling鈥攊t鈥檚 not just me saying that, the research backs this up,鈥� said Balderas, whose district is working with universities to build a more-diverse pipeline of teachers from its current students.
As signs of progress, Oregon officials point to individual districts, schools, and programs that have narrowed gaps in specific areas. State officials hope to learn from them and scale up their successes. Districts like Forest Grove, which is part of the district network already working on equity and diversity challenges, have ingrained the equity lens into their hiring practices. They now ask specific scenario-based questions of potential employees to ascertain whether they are committed to working with students of all racial and ethnic backgrounds. Others have hired equity coaches to work with teachers.
And while the lens started out focused on race and ethnicity, districts such as Eugene use it to guide questions about gender identity as well.
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The Woodburn district, about 35 miles from Portland, has one of the state鈥檚 highest Latino graduation rate. Eighty percent of its 5,729 students are Hispanic.
Chuck Ransom, the district鈥檚 superintendent, said the outcome resulted from strategies pushed in the mid-2000s that were not always popular with the community, which had to be convinced that the district was not serving all its students equally.
鈥淲e had a lot of conversations about equality of opportunity and equality of outcomes, and helping people to understand that it鈥檚 not enough to say that everybody has the same shot,鈥� he said.
Those initiatives included the development of a K-12 dual-language program that allows students to receive instruction in their best language and graduate as fully bilingual. He also credits the district鈥檚 decision to break up the comprehensive high school into four smaller schools, which allowed teachers to provide more individualized attention to students. The small-schools model provided 鈥渁 structure that supported the strategies that worked,鈥� he said.
Lindsey Capps, the state鈥檚 chief education officer, who serves an education policy advisor to Democratic Gov. Kate Brown, said the governor is committed to continuing an equity agenda. Brown has requested a total of $138.8 million in early-education intervention over two years and signed the Oregon Promise bill, which provides grants that cover the bulk of community college tuition.
Addressing Native American 69传媒
The development process for the state鈥檚 American Indian/Alaska Native Education State Plan also reflects efforts to address the needs of specific populations while involving them in the decisionmaking, state officials said.
African-American, Hispanic, and Native American students in Oregon continue to trail their state peers on the National Assessment of Educational Progress.
Source: National Center for Education Statistics
Representatives from all nine federally recognized Native American tribes in the state were invited to meet with state education officials to provide input on the plan. In those discussions, the tribes asked the education department to appoint a liaison between the department and the tribes, said Modesta Minthorn, the education director of the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation. The state appointed April Campbell, a former education director for the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde, to that position.
鈥淭hat, in and of itself, was a big accomplishment鈥� getting a seat at the table and getting the tribal voices included,鈥� Minthorn said.
The plan centers around increasing attendance and graduation rates, providing culturally relevant professional development for school district staff, increasing and retaining Native American teachers, and 鈥渋mplementing historically accurate and culturally embedded鈥� Native American curricula in schools.
The state now plans to work with districts to change policies so that students who are absent for cultural ceremonies can get credit for their absences. Native Americans have the highest absenteeism rates in the state, in part because districts do not recognize time off for cultural celebrations and ceremonies, Minthorn said.
鈥淚f we were perfect, we wouldn鈥檛 have these gaps,鈥� she added. But 鈥渢ogether, with the state, and the local school districts, and the tribes, we are all on the same page saying, 鈥榃e can do better, we have to do better.鈥欌��
