Minority students in a high-poverty neighborhood are more likely to pass through a metal detector on the way to class than their better-off and white peers are, even if the schools are equally safe, according to new research.
Researchers at the University of Delaware and the University of California, Irvine, based their findings on a of nationally representative school data. They presented the study Aug. 20 at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, held in Las Vegas.
Security measures adopted from the criminal-justice arena鈥攆rom metal detectors and surveillance cameras to full-time guards and drug-sniffing dogs鈥攈ave proliferated in the past decade or so, particularly in secondary schools. Yet, even after accounting for the levels of crime on schools鈥� campuses and in the surrounding neighborhoods, the researchers found that high-poverty schools were disproportionately likely to use such security mechanisms, and that the racial makeup of the student enrollment was a powerful predictor of whether the school would use metal detectors.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not that the more violent schools get metal detectors, or even the urban schools get metal detectors鈥攖hough that鈥檚 true,鈥� said co-author Aaron Kupchik, an associate professor in sociology and criminal justice at the University of Delaware. 鈥淚t鈥檚 that schools with more students of color are more likely to get metal detectors, at every level, even elementary levels.鈥�
Ubiquitous Measures
Mr. Kupchik and Geoff K. Ward, an assistant professor of criminology, law, and society and sociology at UC Irvine, studied a representative sample of 2,720 schools from the 2005-06 federal School Survey on Crime and Safety. They found that security measures like cameras, searches and campus police have become ubiqitous in American high schools. In elementary and middle schools, the difference in types of security measures between schools with higher and lower poverty was more pronounced.
Even after controlling for student behavior, neighborhood crime, and other safety indicators, researchers found that schools with higher concentrations of poor students were more likely than their better-off counterparts to have a full-time security or policy officer, drug-sniffing dogs, locked gates in elementary schools, and metal detectors in middle school.
The percentage of minority students in a school strongly predicted whether it would use metal detectors at all grade levels.
However, all schools with highly involved parents were less likely to use metal detectors and more likely to favor a security officer on campus.
Kenneth S. Trump, the president of the Cleveland-based consulting firm National School Safety and Security Services Inc., said the study doesn鈥檛 represent the 鈥渄ay-to-day reality in schools.鈥�
While Mr. Kupchik noted that only about 10 percent of schools nationwide use metal detectors, Mr. Trump argued that students have grown up with security measures, from metal detectors to cameras, and are comfortable with them.
鈥淚t鈥檚 not radical to expect to have measures like these in our schools,鈥� Mr. Trump said. 鈥淲e鈥檙e not having these conversations about security at the mall, where these same kids are going shopping at night and on the weekends.鈥�
Daniel A. Domenech, the executive director of the Arlington, Va.-based American Association of School Administrators, said that administrators don鈥檛 take student demographics into account when designing their security plans; they usually respond to specific violent incidents and national trends.
鈥淣obody is going to say we have a school and they鈥檙e all minorities and they鈥檙e poor, so we need to put more security on that building,鈥� Mr. Domenech said.
Trend Predates Columbine
Security systems got a boost from federal Safe and Drug-Free 69传媒 and other grants following the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, experts said.
鈥淓very school now is much more security-minded than they鈥檝e ever been, and most states require it,鈥� Mr. Domenech said.
At the same time, he added, the 鈥渋ntensity of the security is very much dependent upon what experiences the school has had. You鈥檙e not going to find metal detectors in a school that has not experienced any violence or any times of students鈥� trying to bring weapons into the school.鈥�
Mr. Kupchik said that trends toward more-intrusive security measures in schools had already begun in the 1990s before school shootings such as those at Columbine High School in Jefferson County, Colo., in 1999, but that 鈥淐olumbine was used to accelerate and to retroactively justify the trends.鈥�
鈥淚 think it has to do with fear overall for kids and of kids,鈥� he added. 鈥淭here鈥檚 a very strong belief among school administrators that these [measures] are helpful in running the school and in keeping the students safe.鈥�
Some evidence suggests that such stiff security measures may not be as effective as administrators think, however. In February, the Journal of School Health released an of 15 years鈥� worth of research on metal detectors, which found there was 鈥渋nsufficient evidence鈥� that their use decreased crime or violence in schools, but which did find evidence that their presence made students feel less safe.
A January 2011 using data from the School Crime Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey found that among security measures, only one, asking adults to be present in school hallways, actually decreased the amount of peer bullying in schools.
City Springs Elementary-Middle School in Baltimore is one example of an inner-city school that is trying to take a more holistic violence-prevention approach. The P-8 charter school sits amid three housing projects, and 99 percent of its 640 students, most of whom are African-American, receive free or reduced-price lunches.
Principal Rhonda L. Richetta said that when she arrived in 2007, there were daily fights on campus, regular vandalism of the halls and restrooms, and frequent soundings of fire alarms by students looking for a quick break from class. The school鈥檚 main security system was a set of cameras that Ms. Richetta found 鈥渨eren鈥檛 hooked up to anything.鈥�
鈥淭here were a lot of angry students and adults,鈥� she recalled. 鈥淚 knew I needed something to change the environment. It was not conducive to learning, and I didn鈥檛 feel I could address the academic issues unless I addressed the climate first.鈥�
Positive Relationships
The school adopted SaferSaner69传媒, a developed by the Bethlehem, Pa.-based International Institute for Restorative Practices, which focuses on building positive relationships among students and staff.
All staff members in the school, from teachers and administrators to cafeteria and janitorial workers, went through mediation training. Each homeroom class holds a 鈥渃ircle鈥� at least once a day in which each student gets a chance to discuss concerns. Separate groups are called in response to behavior or other problems as they come up.
In the years since, City Springs鈥� climate has changed, Ms. Richetta said. Yearly suspensions are down from 86 in 2008-09 to 10 or fewer in 2009-10 and 2010-11. Fights on campus have become 鈥渘onexistent,鈥� the principal said, though students often ask their own circles to mediate disputes.
Ms. Richetta did replace the broken security cameras, but she has rejected more visible security measures, such as metal detectors or wand searches.
鈥淚 think this is more effective,鈥� she said, 鈥渂ecause it鈥檚 changing behavior.鈥�
