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Maryland is getting slot machines in exchange for about $660 million for education. Oregon鈥檚 schools can continue to teach English-language learners in their native language for as long as they want. And Nebraska universities and school programs won鈥檛 be able to use race as a factor in admissions.

Far down on state ballots across the country, those and at least a dozen other measures affecting education and hot-button social issues were decided last week by voters.

The Maryland slot machine measure was the biggest gambling initiative among the six states where voters weighed proposals either to produce new revenue sources specifically for public schools or to alter the flow of gambling-related money earmarked for education.

Democratic Gov. Martin O鈥橫alley, many school districts, and the teachers鈥� union had endorsed the state constitutional amendment, which supporters say would generate about $660 million a year in additional general aid for schools. Proponents hope the revenue from 15,000 slot machines can stave off deep cuts to K-12 education in the face of a projected $1 billion budget deficit.

鈥淲e need these dollars, especially in these tough times,鈥� Gov. O鈥橫alley said in a televised interview Nov. 4, after the slots victory became clear.

Gambling measures also were approved in Arkansas, Colorado, and Missouri, but voters turned down a proposal in Maine. They also rejected an Oregon plan that would have redirected lottery money from education to public safety. Ohio voters also said no to the state鈥檚 first casino, which would have created new general tax revenue for counties. The counties could have chosen to use the additional funds for education or other services.

ELL Cap Rejected

Also in Oregon, voters defeated a pair of highly contentious ballot questions, including one that would have put strict limits on bilingual education and another that would have tied teacher raises to classroom performance. A coalition that included state affiliates of the National Education Association, the American Federation of Teachers, and the Oregon PTA mobilized against both proposals.

The bilingual education measure, which drew national attention from English-language-learner advocates, would have put a two-year cap on instruction for such students in their native language. It went down by a 53 percent to 47 percent vote.

Bill Sizemore, the sponsor of what was known as Measure 58 and a resident of Klamath Falls, Ore., said he believes it would have passed if the words 鈥淓nglish immersion鈥� had been inserted into the title.

He acknowledged that the language of the text was also confusing. Many interpreted the measure as requiring a two-year cap on English-as-a-second-language instruction as well, though Mr. Sizemore said that was not his intention.

But James Crawford, the president of the Washington-based Institute for Language and Education Policy, said he believes Oregon鈥檚 voters recognized Measure 58 as 鈥渢he most extreme and mean-spirited of all the English-only initiatives at the state level in recent years.鈥�

Mr. Crawford, who spent two weeks in Oregon before Election Day helping local organizations fight the initiative, contended that it was backed 鈥渂y forces who were explicitly anti-immigrant, trying to save money by shortchanging immigrant kids.鈥�

Social, Tax Issues

Nebraska and Colorado considered another controversial issue: a proposed ban on government-preferential treatment of people based on race, gender, or ethnicity.

Voters in the Cornhusker State approved such a prohibition in the form of the Nebraska Civil Rights Initiative, while a Colorado ban was still too close to call late last week. The Denver-based National Conference of State Legislatures said that if Colorado voted it down, the state would become the first to reject an affirmative-action ban when put before the electorate.

In Louisiana and New Mexico, voters approved changes in their education governance structures. Members of the Louisiana state board of education and the governing boards of public colleges and universities will now be limited to three terms in office; the members previously didn鈥檛 face term limits. In New Mexico, the size of district school boards in communities with populations greater than 200,000 will grow from seven to nine members, and school elections will be held at the same time as other nonpartisan elections.

Around the country, voters also rejected tax changes tied to education and children鈥檚 services. Colorado voters turned down a plan to raise the sales tax to help pay for services for children and adults with developmental disabilities. Florida voters rejected a proposal to allow counties to raise sales taxes to subsidize community colleges.

Massachusetts voters, meanwhile, chose to keep the state鈥檚 income tax. Education groups had warned that its elimination would hurt school programs and services.

Oregon and Colorado voters also considered measures that would have prohibited public-employee payroll deductions for 鈥減olitical鈥� purposes, such as union dues. Oregon voters rejected the measure, while Colorado voters approved.

In California, a constitutional amendment to ban same-sex marriage passed, despite strong opposition from the California Teachers Association, which donated more than $1.3 million in an attempt to defeat it. Supporters of the proposal had argued that schools would be forced to teach about same-sex marriage unless the constitutional amendment were passed.

The issue was about more than same-sex marriage, said Sonja Eddings Brown, a spokeswoman for Protect Marriage California. The measure 鈥渋s about education,鈥� she said, 鈥渁nd whether or not parents and educators want to have gay instruction brought into our elementary schools.鈥�