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Though education has played second fiddle so far to other domestic issues in the race for the Republican presidential nomination, the narrowing field includes GOP candidates with compatible views on scaling back the federal role in K-12, but big contrasts in policy specifics and experience.

President Barack Obama, meanwhile, is expected to put a strong emphasis on his own K-12 agenda and achievements鈥攊ncluding such signature programs as the Race to the Top and a waiver plan for unpopular provisions of the No Child Left Behind Act鈥攁s his re-election effort gains steam.

A look at the education records of the GOP candidates illustrates some common themes, along with differences in style and policy nuance:

鈥� Former Gov. Mitt Romney of Massachusetts, who won the Jan. 3 Iowa caucuses by just eight votes, has an extensive record on education from his time as a state chief executive, and has offered specifics on a number of topics. He鈥檚 championed standardized testing and supported the NCLB law鈥檚 emphasis on accountability. But he鈥檚 also favored a more robust role for the states in K-12 policy.

鈥� Former U.S. Sen. Rick Santorum of Pennsylvania, the close runner-up to Mr. Romney in Iowa, voted for the NCLB law while in the Senate. He has championed special education issues and autism research. He鈥檚 also said a top-down education system doesn鈥檛 serve parents well, and is known as staunch conservative on social issues. During the debate over the creation of NCLB, he pushed an amendment that critics said promoted an 鈥渁nti-evolution鈥� agenda in the classroom.

鈥� U.S. Rep. Ron Paul of Texas, who placed third in Iowa, has long said the federal government has no place in schools, and favors abolishing the U.S. Department of Education, and phasing out federal student loans.

鈥� Former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, who has teamed up with U.S. Secretary of Education Arne Duncan and the Rev. Al Sharpton to call for rigorous school accountability, has said he鈥檇 like to shrink the U.S. Department of Education and expand school choice options.

鈥� Texas Gov. Rick Perry, who once led the candidate pack, has clashed with President Obama in a far-from-theoretical way on K-12 policy: His state was one of a handful to opt out of the Race to the Top competition.

鈥� Former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman signed a bill requiring that his state鈥檚 accountability system trump the NCLB law. With millions in Title I money at stake, the state backed down.

The common emphasis on a diminished federal role in K-12 poses a challenge for the GOP presidential contenders hoping to push their own sweeping education proposals and stand out on the issue, said Patrick McGuinn, an associate professor of political science and education at Drew University, in Madison, N.J. 鈥淚t鈥檚 a bit of pickle for Republicans,鈥� he said.

Romney Specifics

Mr. Romney, who went into this week鈥檚 New Hampshire primary with strong prospects, has an extensive record on education from his time as Massachusetts governor. He also offers specifics on a number of K-12 issues in his 2010 book No Apology: The Case for American Greatness.

Generally, Mr. Romney portrays himself as supporting the public schools鈥� role in preparing students for a changing workforce, and names education as a civil right. He expresses his strong preference for using standardized tests to measure student achievement, and credits the NCLB law for helping to advance accountability.

And he uses the book to tout his own record on education in Massachusetts. As governor, for instance, Mr. Romney threatened in 2006 to withhold state funding from schools in New Bedford, Mass., after the mayor there said he would let students earn a high school diploma without passing the state exit exam. The mayor changed his tune.

Mr. Romney created a merit scholarship for students who scored in the top quartile of their high schools on the state graduation test. The scholarship could be used at any state institution and was worth about $2,000 a year. He fought off a moratorium on the creation of charter schools, and pushed to include science as part of the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System.

He also discusses in the book a number of teacher initiatives, including his proposal鈥攔ejected by the state legislature鈥攆or districts to provide an alternative pay structure for teachers. He suggests setting a high bar for education schools and opening up alternative pathways into the profession.

Mr. Romney favors increased salaries for beginning teachers to entice more high-achieving college students into education careers. And he wants to see a movement away from a 鈥渓ockstep seniority-based鈥� pay grid.

Anne Wass, who served as vice president and then president of the Massachusetts Teachers Association, an affiliate of the National Education Association, said the relationship between the union and Mr. Romney 鈥渨as not good鈥� when he was governor.

鈥淗e really had a closed-door policy,鈥� she said. 鈥淗e didn鈥檛 want to meet with us.鈥�

Robert Costrell, who served as a top adviser to Mr. Romney in Massachusetts, disputed that characterization.

鈥淗is door was not closed,鈥� Mr. Costrell, now a professor at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, said. While Mr. Romney鈥檚 relationship with the union was 鈥渘ot always productive,鈥� the governor looked for common ground on teacher issues with when he could, including helping one district craft a differential-pay plan for mathematics and science teachers, Mr. Costrell said.

Mr. Romney has a long roster of education advisers. His education co-chairs are: Nina Rees, who served as the Education Department鈥檚 assistant deputy secretary for innovation and improvement under President George W. Bush; Marty West, a Harvard University education professor; and F. Philip Handy, who chaired the Florida state school board under former Gov. Jeb Bush. Mr. Handy worked as an education adviser on Sen. John McCain of Arizona鈥檚 presidential campaign in 2008.

Santorum and NCLB

Mr. Santorum was a proponent of the NCLB law when it passed Congress in 2001. But before voting for it, he sought to insert language that would have encouraged biology teachers to discuss controversies behind the theory of evolution with their students. The provision ultimately wasn鈥檛 included in the law.

In the Senate, Mr. Santorum was also active on special education issues. He was co-author of a bill with then-Sen. Christopher J. Dodd, D-Conn., that would have boosted funding for research on autism, and he fought to reduce paperwork for special education teachers.

The education of Mr. Santorum鈥檚 own children was the subject of controversy at one point. In 2004, he withdrew his children from a Pennsylvania cyber charter school after questions were raised about whether he could educate them at state taxpayers鈥� expense when his family lived most of the year in a Washington suburb.

On the presidential campaign trail, Mr. Santorum has made limited comments about education. In one exchange, during a Sept. 22 debate, he said schools in general don鈥檛 serve 鈥渢he customer,鈥� meaning parents. That has to change, he said, but he didn鈥檛 say elaborate on how he would make that happen.

Paul as Skeptic

Rep. Paul arguably has the field鈥檚 most consistent record on education, and one that dovetails with his overall philosophy of a tightly circumscribed role for the federal government. He was one of just 41 members of Congress, including 33 Republicans, to vote against the NCLB legislation in 2001.

The Texas congressman has introduced a bill to scrap the federal Education Department. And he has called for phasing out the federal student-loan program. During a debate Nov. 9, he called the program 鈥渁 total failure. ... I mean a trillion dollars of debt? To be dumped on the taxpayer. ... There鈥檚 nothing more dramatically failing than that program.鈥�

Gingrich鈥檚 Ideas

Mr. Gingrich has campaigned hard on his record as an activist speaker of the House, though education made up a relatively limited part of that portfolio.

In 1995, Mr. Gingrich backed an effort by his fellow Republicans to eliminate the Education Department, or to combine it with the U.S. Department of Labor. And domestic discretionary spending鈥攊ncluding for the Education Department鈥攚as a major sticking point between Gingrich-era Republicans in Congress and President Bill Clinton.

But as speaker, Mr. Gingrich largely let the House education committee chairman, Rep. William F. Goodling, R-Pa., spearhead K-12 policy, Mr. Goodling said in an interview. 鈥淗e left it entirely up to me,鈥� said the former lawmaker, who retired from Congress in 2001. 鈥淗e knew I was an educator and got the issues.鈥�

Since leaving Congress in 1999, Mr. Gingrich has been more active on the K-12 scene.

In 2009, he visited at least three cities with Secretary Duncan and Mr. Sharpton, the civil rights activist and former Democratic presidential contender, to call for raising academic standards, lifting state caps on high-quality charter schools, and greater accountability. The visits were part of Mr. Gingrich鈥檚 work with the Education Equality Project, a nonprofit organization started by Mr. Sharpton and Joel I. Klein, the former New York City schools chancellor.

On the campaign trail, Mr. Gingrich has again called for 鈥渟hrinking鈥� the federal Department of Education. Lisa Graham Keegan, a former Arizona state schools chief, whom Mr. Gingrich has enlisted as an education adviser, said that position 鈥渁bsolutely squares鈥� with the former speaker鈥檚 work with Mr. Duncan and Mr. Sharpton.

鈥淗e was simply advocating for the view that all children must have access to schools that work,鈥� she said.

Ms. Keegan, who also served as an adviser to the 2008 McCain campaign, is now the president of the Breakthrough Network, an organization that connects school choice advocates. Also joining the former speaker as an education adviser is Michael Moe, the chief executive officer of GSV Asset Management Center, an investment company.

Obama on Horizon

The eventual Republican nominee can expect to face off against an incumbent president who has made education a high-profile part of his agenda.

For instance, education aid was a big component of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, the economic-stimulus program enacted in 2009, and President Obama championed $10 billion in emergency money to prevent teacher layoffs in 2010. He has made competitive-grant programs, such as the stimulus-funded Race to the Top and Investing in Education initiatives, top priorities.

And the administration has heeded criticism of the NCLB law, most recently with last year鈥檚 move to offer states waivers of some of the law鈥檚 provisions, albeit with strings attached. The White House over the summer even hosted a splashy unveiling of that plan.

Voters can expect to see similar events in the future, Mr. McGuinn of Drew University said.

鈥淭here鈥檚 some concern about Obama鈥檚 leadership鈥� nationally, said Mr. McGuinn. But education, and the waivers in particular, he said, are one of the areas where the president can point to action.

鈥淣CLB waivers say, 鈥楲ook, I鈥檓 a leader. This is a law that everyone recognizes is problematic ... I鈥檝e come up with this plan [to fix it] using my regulatory authority,鈥� Mr. McGuinn said.

He added: 鈥淚t鈥檚 a smart one-two punch for the Obama campaign.鈥�