69传媒

Charlotte Danielson, a former teacher and school administrator with degrees from Cornell and Oxford Universities, is one of the most recognized authorities on teaching practice in the United States. A popular speaker and trainer, she is best known as the creator of the 鈥淔ramework for Teaching,鈥� a 115-page set of components for effective pedagogy that is used in many states and districts to inform teacher evaluation and professional development.

Danielson recently released a new edition of her Framework for 2013, with updates designed to reflect the Common Core State Standards.

In a recent interview, we talked to her about the common standards and how they might change teachers鈥� work.

What are the central implications of the common standards in terms of instructional practice, or the way teachers teach?

That鈥檚 a good question, because we tend to think about the common core in terms of what students learn鈥攆or example, whether they demonstrate understanding of a concept or strong argumentation skills, being able to establish a point and defend it logically. Those are, of course, curriculum and ultimately assessment issues. But they also have implications for instruction鈥攖hat is, how do you teach students the skills of argumentation? How do you teach in a way that advances conceptual understanding rather than superficial knowledge? These types of learning outcomes require different kinds of instructional practices鈥攐nes that many teachers are not adequately prepared to use.

I think the common core rests on a view of teaching as complex decision making, as opposed to something more routine or drill-based. That鈥檚 a view I鈥檝e always taken as well. It requires instructional strategies on teachers鈥� parts that enable students to explore concepts and discuss them with each other, to question and respectfully challenge classmates鈥� assertions. So I see the common core as a fertile and rich opportunity for really important professional learning by teachers, because鈥擨 don鈥檛 know now how to say this nicely鈥攚ell, not all teachers have been prepared to teach in this way. I see that as one of the enormous challenges facing the common core rollout.

When you walk into a classroom, will good teaching look different under the common core?

Well, that depends on how teachers are teaching now. But when I walk into a classroom, of course I care about what the teacher is doing, but in some ways I care even more about what the students are doing. What鈥檚 the nature of the task? Are students being invited, or even required, to think? Naturally, that has implications for what the teacher is doing and what the teacher has already done. That is, has the teacher designed learning experiences for kids that engage them in thinking or formulating and testing hypothesizes or challenging one another respectfully or developing an understanding of a concept? You really only know what a teacher is doing when you look at what the students are doing. I also listen carefully to how teachers question students鈥攊f they ask kids to explain their thinking, for instance. That鈥檚 very different from just saying that鈥檚 the right or wrong answer. It鈥檚 a very different mindset about wanting to understand the students鈥� thinking and their degree and level of understanding.

How much of your framework has changed as a result of the common standards?

Not much. What I did was make explicit some things that were always there. The Framework for Teaching has always been grounded in the same fundamental assumptions as the common standards鈥攆or example, the importance of student conceptual understanding and of student intellectual engagement. I just called those things out. But it鈥檚 important to note that the common standards so far only apply to two subject areas, literacy and mathematics, whereas my framework is generic鈥擨 intend it to apply to all settings. So in terms of the actual rubrics and the critical attributes of the different levels of performance, I could only incorporate those aspects of the common standards that in fact apply everywhere鈥攆or example, those things we鈥檝e been talking about like argumentation and conceptual understanding. For things that are more subject-specific, such as the close reading of texts and the balance of fiction and nonfiction, I included those only in the examples for particular critical attributions.

The common-core documentation says that the standards are designed to give teachers flexibility. Does that make it more difficult for schools to evaluate teachers鈥攊nsofar as there is no one right or prescribed way to do things?

It鈥檚 true that the common standards are silent on the subject of how students should learn the content of the standards鈥攖here鈥檚 no doubt about that. But I don鈥檛 think that necessarily makes it 鈥渕ore difficult鈥� for administrators to evaluate teachers鈥� practice. That is, if I鈥檓 going into a classroom and looking for how well a teacher is implementing the common core, I鈥檓 going to look for those common themes that run through the common core, and if it鈥檚 literacy or math, look for specific things. Again, I tend to look at what the students are doing. So, for example, do you see evidence of the teacher developing the skills that would encourage good argumentation鈥攏ot only by asking good questions themselves but by encouraging the students to ask good questions and respectfully challenge one another鈥檚 point of view? That kind of holistic inquiry has always been a part of my Framework.

OK, so, imagine you are a school leader. How much room would you give teachers to experiment as they are implementing the common core?

I personally would allow them to experiment quite a bit, because, again, the common standards only describe what students will learn. There are many ways to achieve those goals. In addition, this is all very new. As I said a minute ago, this is a rich opportunity for good professional learning鈥攁nd for teachers to work together and maybe watch videos of one other teaching, then pause the video and talk about how or why particular decisions were made. I think implementation of this will be more productive if it鈥檚 done through groups of teachers working together or with a principal or instructional coach or team leader鈥攁s opposed to having a principal say, 鈥淭his is the way it has to be.鈥� It seems to me that, given the opportunity for deep professional learning work, teachers will have the expertise in this at least as much as principals or other school leaders. I mean, they鈥檙e the ones who are going to be able to say, 鈥淭his is what common core looks like in algebra,鈥� or 鈥淭his is what it looks like in 3rd grade reading class.鈥�

Furthermore, we鈥檝e discovered in our work that principals don鈥檛 always recognize real student engagement. If the students are compliant and doing what the teacher says, if they鈥檙e on task and busy, principals will often call it 鈥渆ngaged.鈥� But the students might not be doing any thinking at all. They might just be filling in some blanks on a worksheet. So I think this shift is going to challenge a lot of people to think deeply and differently. That鈥檚 my hope. And from a school leadership perspective, this means you don鈥檛 want to be ramming things down peoples鈥� throats鈥擨 think that鈥檚 at odds with the spirit of what you鈥檙e trying to do with the common core.

There鈥檚 a lot of talk about teachers being able to share and to make greater use of supplemental curriculum materials like primary sources. Do you have any recommendation for teachers on evaluating the quality or relevance of such resources?

Yes, the use of primary sources in lessons鈥攄iaries, ships鈥� logs, letters鈥攃an be wonderful and extremely enriching. And when teachers use these kinds of things, they can engage students in the kinds of learning that absolutely reflect the common core鈥攖hat require analysis and conjecture and move away from rote learning. And I think that as more materials become available online, and as teachers begin to delve into the standards and understand what kinds of skills they are trying to develop in students, this can be a very rich experience for teachers themselves. They will be able to get involved in conversations with other educators and gain expertise as to the kinds of resources they need or want. I also assume that districts and curriculum directors will also help teachers evaluate lesson materials, in terms of their applicability to particular standards. At least in the early going, teachers may just need to trust their school or district leaders鈥� judgment on the value of particular materials.

What鈥檚 your advice for developing formative or benchmark assessments based on the common standards, given that the official common-core-aligned assessments are still under development?

I think it鈥檚 the same issue as with teaching in general. You need to have a deep understanding of what the standards are about. Let鈥檚 say you teach 4th grade mathematics. From reading the standards, you can see that there鈥檚 a premium on mathematical reasoning, let鈥檚 say. So you would want to be both teaching and formatively assessing kids on that. For example, do the students understand the processes they are using? Can they apply them in varied situations?

But we have to define what we mean by formative assessment鈥攕ome people use that term to mean interim summative assessments, these benchmarking exams that companies sell. That鈥檚 not my definition of formative assessment. I consider formative assessment to be a part of teaching, something that is assimilated into lesson plans and instructional decision making. It鈥檚 ongoing monitoring done by the teacher, not just of the group as a whole but of individuals as well. In my view, it鈥檚 not mini-summative assessments鈥攊t鈥檚 not something you administer, if you will, in January. It鈥檚 an integral part of instruction. Formative assessment is not something you buy off the shelf. It鈥檚 a skill you learn how to do.

But how do you know if you鈥檙e doing it well?

The same way you know if you鈥檙e doing teaching well. To me this is another place where there鈥檚 an opportunity for teachers to work together and determine what it looks like on the ground when students are reaching the kinds of higher-level learning objectives the common core describes. It has to be part of teaching鈥攁n integral part of conversations teachers need to be having about whether they are implementing the standards with fidelity. What kind of responses are we getting from our students? What kind of evidence do we have that they understand what they are learning? I think figuring out how to measure these expectations is very much on-the-ground work.

How will the common core affect teachers who have students with a wide range of skill levels or high needs?

Well that hasn鈥檛 changed. That is the perennial instructional challenge鈥攌ids come into your classroom with a huge range of backgrounds and skills. I fear that the common core papers over that problem.

In what way?

Well, in mathematics, for example, you鈥檙e expected to focus on a few key concepts for 3rd graders. But suppose you鈥檝e got some students who never mastered the 1st grade skills. The standards documentation, as far as I can see, is silent on how a teacher handles that situation.

So what鈥檚 your advice for a teacher in that position?

As an outsider, it鈥檚 hard to be specific, but I think one has to understand the developmental learning sequence of particular concepts and teach them in a way that鈥檚 compatible with the central themes of the common core. That is, the specific topics to me are less important than the big ideas. So if I鈥檓 teaching for conceptual understanding, which is a big idea in the common core, I鈥檓 going to go for conceptual understanding while maybe modulating the specific skills I鈥檓 teaching. Say I鈥檓 a 4th grade teacher and prime numbers is a 4th grade skill, but I鈥檝e got some 4th graders who don鈥檛 understand place value. In that case, my own personal inclination would be to ensure that my students develop conceptual understanding of place value at that point鈥攂ecause that鈥檚 what they need. So the big idea of conceptual understanding is still consistent. But the actual topic? I don鈥檛 see how you can responsibly say anything other than that you have to be flexible and teach students what they have the background to learn at that point. Otherwise, you鈥檙e setting them up for failure.

Are there things about the common core that you don鈥檛 like?

No, not really, not conceptually. But I do worry somewhat about the assessments鈥擨鈥檓 concerned that we may be headed for a train wreck there. The test items I鈥檝e seen that have been released so far are extremely challenging. If I had to take a test that was entirely comprised of items like that, I鈥檓 not sure that I would pass it鈥攁nd I鈥檝e got a bunch of degrees. So I do worry that in some schools we鈥檒l have 80 percent or some large number of students failing. That鈥檚 what I mean by train wreck. But who knows? We just don鈥檛 know enough about the assessments right now. But when I have shown some of those released items to groups of educators鈥攖o teachers and administrators鈥攖he room just goes very quiet. So I can imagine a hostile response on the part of some educators and communities. But I鈥檇 like to be wrong about that.

I do think the vision of the common core, in terms of the conceptual framework, is terrific. For some educators, it represents a real change in mindset. It鈥檚 about getting away from this scripted or pre-digested textbook-based instruction and really asking questions and encouraging deep understanding. I love all that tremendously. I mean, when you ask a kid who doesn鈥檛 like school, 鈥淲hy not?,鈥� you never hear him say, 鈥渂ecause it鈥檚 too hard.鈥� Kids say, 鈥淚t鈥檚 boring.鈥� And you know what? They have a point. A lot of it is. There are a lot of boring lessons out there鈥攁nd I see the common core as a way of breaking out of that, because it does put a real premium on students鈥� deeper learning and understanding and engagement, real engagement.

Do you have specific advice for teachers who are making the transition to the common standards right now?

I guess my advice to teachers would be to take a deep breath and look at ways this might be compatible with what they鈥檙e already doing and what they want to do in their classrooms. Good teaching has always been what the common core is asking: inviting students to think and to understand complex concepts. The standards are going to invite teachers to think deeply about what the students are learning, and about whether they are really teaching for understanding, and how they can do that better鈥攂ecause that鈥檚 where the real power in learning is. This is a big initiative, and it is going to require a major reorientation in how many people think about instruction and student learning. There鈥檚 no doubt about that. I don鈥檛 think we should pretend otherwise. On the other hand, it鈥檚 always been the vision of some people, including me, that that鈥檚 how we ought to be teaching鈥攆or deep engagement. And by engagement I mean intellectual engagement, resulting in the understanding of complex concepts.

鈥擜nthony Rebora