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With about a year to go before new, online assessments aligned to the Common Core State Standards are scheduled to be given in schools, districts around the country are still taking stock of whether the technology and connectivity they have on hand will meet their needs鈥攐r fail them in the moment of truth.

69传媒 have turned to a number of resources to help them gauge their readiness for the online testing, from guidelines spelling out the minimum hardware and software they need to give the exams, to systems designed to allow districts to test their available Internet speeds.

Even so, state and district officials acknowledge that they face many unknowns about their ability to manage computer-based assessments. Those questions include whether schools have an adequate supply of bandwidth and devices to deliver the tests, and how they will schedule exams so that they can handle the surge of online demand posed by the testing, without disrupting online instruction occurring elsewhere on school grounds.

In addition, state and district officials, as well as the consortia designing the tests, are trying to plan for the exams while accounting for the rise of new technologies, as others fade from view.

In an effort to anticipate problems, the two main groups of states designing common-core tests, the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium and the Partnership for Assessment of Readiness for College and Careers, have staged pilot tests and tryouts and are planning to run more elaborate field tests of their exams later this year. Four other consortia are focused on delivering assessments for either English-language learners or special education students, though their work in some cases is behind the schedules of Smarter Balanced and PARCC. (See descriptions of the six consortia, Page 28.)

Some school systems have made major improvements in recent years to their Web connectivity, which should help them meet the demands of common-core testing, particularly for Internet bandwidth. One of those districts is the 5,000-student Canby school system in Oregon, which has invested heavily in building fiber-optic connections, buying computing devices, and overhauling internal Web connections.

Even so, the common-core tests pose challenges for the district. Despite ramping up its supply of computers, the projected need for devices during testing times is such that Canby will still have to carefully stagger student schedules to ensure that all students can take the exam within the available assessment window and to avoid disrupting other instruction, said Joe Morelock, the district鈥檚 director of technology and innovation.

When test time comes, 鈥測ou can鈥檛 afford a week of hiccups,鈥� Mr. Morelock said. 鈥淚f districts have not prepared before now, it鈥檚 a big uphill climb.鈥�

Technical Guidelines

To help school systems prepare for online testing, Smarter Balanced and PARCC have each published minimum and recommended guidelines for the types of hardware, software, and bandwidth they believe will be needed to deliver the assessments.

In many respects, their recommendations are similar. Both, for instance, recommend that districts using desktops or laptops relying on Microsoft operating systems have versions with Windows 7 or newer models, and districts using Macs have at least version 10.7 in place. The consortia鈥檚 recommendations for Linux operating systems, as well as for tablets, including Androids and iPads, are comparable but not identical.

Another similar standard: Both groups, at this point, have required that most computing devices used during testing have external keyboards, rather than ones that eat up space on screen (unless students with special needs have academic calling for something different). The goal is to make sure students鈥� tasks in answering questions are not made more difficult, or substantially different, based on the type of device they鈥檙e using. As a result, some districts are likely to have to add USB cords or wireless keyboards to devices they鈥檙e planning to use for testing.

鈥淚t鈥檚 about making sure that students鈥� experiences are the same,鈥� said Susan Van Gundy, PARCC鈥檚 director of assessment technology. 鈥淲e want to remove that as a variable, if we can.鈥�

The technology recommendations developed by the alternate testing consortia for ELL and special-needs students are similar in most ways to those developed by Smarter Balanced and PARCC, with some exceptions. For instance, the Dynamic Learning Maps Alternate Assessment Consortium, a group focused on crafting tests for students with significant cognitive disabilities, is requiring that certain devices have faster speeds and larger screen sizes to provide greater clarity and usefulness for test-takers requiring text-to-speech features and video.

Many school and technology advocates have raised concerns about the possibility of online tests being interrupted if schools lack robust connectivity. In an attempt to guard against those breakdowns, PARCC is making 鈥渃aching鈥� available to schools and districts, in which administrators download encrypted tests onto local servers, prior to giving the exams, with the goal of reducing the strain on bandwidth.

Smarter Balanced is not recommending caching; its test instead relies on a process that immediately transmits student responses to a central server bank, and protects those answers, said Brandt Redd, the consortium鈥檚 chief technology officer. Smarter Balanced tests are designed to not require high bandwidth, and its exams have computer-adaptive features, in which each student sees a different set of questions. Those features reduce the need for caching, and the benefits from it, Mr. Redd said.

Both consortia, meanwhile, are also coping with large-scale shifts in the technology market.

Microsoft is scheduled this spring to end technical support for XP, which, according to recent estimates, is believed to have been the mostly widely used operating system in K-12 schools. Fearing that districts would be left in the lurch if XP failed during testing periods, both consortia say that even though XP is still acceptable for testing, they recommend that districts move to Windows 7 or a newer version.

Cameron Evans, the chief technology officer for Microsoft鈥檚 education division, said that while districts should not 鈥済et into a panic that the sky is falling,鈥� sticking with XP increases the chance they will be struck by Malware or other problems, including during testing.

But the Microsoft official also said that over the past year, the nation鈥檚 schools have made a major shift away from XP. He now estimates that about 70 percent of the districts using Microsoft operating systems rely on version 7, with just 20 percent remaining on XP and 10 percent using a newer version, Windows 8. While many districts are still using XP in some capacity, Mr. Evans believes most of them are doing so for fairly rudimentary tasks, where there are fewer security risks鈥攏ot for testing.

With the aim of ensuring that new technologies meet districts鈥� needs, Smarter Balanced took the controversial step of setting up a process through which manufacturers can have devices certified as complying with the common-core test, in exchange for a fee. Hardware manufacturers and developers of operating systems would pay $35,000 a year for a product to be tested for compatibility, while developers of assistive technologies, designed to give special-needs students access to tests, would pay $5,000.

Certifying Digital Devices

One of Smarter Balanced鈥檚 goals is to try to keep up with the steady emergence of new devices, such as Androids, iPads, and Microsoft鈥檚 Windows RT tablet, and share the costs with manufacturers of adapting new software and testing its compatibility, said Mr. Redd.

But the certification process is drawing a skeptical response from Mr. Evans. He called the effort a 鈥渘oble goal,鈥� but one that will heap new demands on manufacturers each time they develop new technologies. And because Smarter Balanced is the only common-core consortium requiring certification, Microsoft could end up making changes to devices that are not relevant to other customers, or even other testing groups.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not a trivial engineering effort,鈥� Mr. Evans said.

The two major consortia have emphasized that districts should be making technology purchases aimed at improving teaching and learning鈥攏ot merely to help them with common-core assessments. But Mr. Evans said it鈥檚 obvious from the solicitations he sees being put forward by districts that they are making many of their technology purchases with common-core testing in mind.

鈥淎 lot of the technology preparation has been driven by the testing consortia,鈥� he said. Districts may test 鈥渢wo days out of the year,鈥� he said, and 鈥渁 lot of the buying decisions are based on the two days, rather than the other 178.鈥�

Many technology supporters, meanwhile, predict that the level of comfort or pain districts encounter while administering common-core tests will depend not only on the devices and systems they have on hand, but also on how much experience they and their states have with computer-based assessments, and overall technology, to date.

Although online testing has grown increasingly common, the landscape is still varied. At least 33 states were delivering at least one major test via technology as of 2011, and the rest of the states had not yet taken that step, according to the State Educational Technology Directors Association. But the number of states committed to online testing, and the population of students taking those tests, has almost certainly risen since then, according to SETDA, a nonprofit based in Glen Burnie, Md.

It stands to reason that states that haven鈥檛 given online assessments, or where existing assessments are much less complex than common-core assessments鈥攚hich are designed to move beyond simple multiple-choice questions鈥攁re more inclined to run into problems, said Geoffrey Fletcher, SETDA鈥檚 deputy executive director.

Michigan Moves Forward

One state that has sought to make strides in preparing for online common-core testing is Michigan, where its experience with online testing to date has been limited to social studies and science tests over the past two years, in addition to other, relatively small-scale online exams.

Over the past four years, the state has sought to prepare to implement online assessments on several fronts. Over the past two years the legislature has provided $95 million to support district technology improvements, professional development, and other strategies. In addition, state officials have encouraged districts to take part in pilot tests of the Smarter Balanced online test and to use tech-readiness tools developed by the state, said Vince Dean, the director of the state鈥檚 office of standards and assessment.

Gradually, Michigan is making progress, Mr. Dean says: Eighty percent of the state鈥檚 districts meet the 鈥渕inimum鈥� technology-readiness standards put forward by Smarter Balanced, though far fewer school systems meet the consortium鈥檚 鈥渞ecommended鈥� specification. He notes that even the recommended standards represent a lower tech threshold than what state officials believe is necessary for Michigan schools to support good online instruction.

Additionally, there are pockets of districts across the state that don鈥檛 have enough connectivity or devices they need to deliver tests reliably. State officials are trying to help them by offering advice on how to stagger the assessments so students aren鈥檛 inadvertently logged off during testing windows because of bandwidth problems.

鈥淲e need to put a lot of attention on scheduling,鈥� Mr. Dean said. 鈥淚f they have too few devices, and they鈥檝e got bandwidth limitations, it means they have to weigh when to test.鈥�

Other states, such as Oregon, have a long history with online testing. Yet implementing common-core tests is still likely to pose significant challenges for some districts, said Doug Kosty, the assistant superintendent for the state education department鈥檚 office of assessment and accountability.

One hurdle is that Oregon allows districts to schedule state tests over a six-month period, lasting from November through May. The testing window for the Smarter Balanced test, Oregon鈥檚 choice of common-core exam, is much shorter鈥攂etween five and 12 weeks, depending on the grade level tested. Mr. Kosty also estimates that the Smarter Balanced test will take one to two hours longer per student than the current state tests, depending on grade level and subject.

Both of those factors are likely to increase the pressure on districts to ensure that they have adequate bandwidth, functioning internal connections within and among classrooms, and enough devices to deliver the new tests, Mr. Kosty said.

Reliable speed and connectivity should not be problems in the Canby district, though. Over the past decade, the district has invested at least $3 million in improving external and internal technology and computers, upgrades that it hopes will eventually support a 1-to-1 student-to-device program, said Mr. Morelock, Canby鈥檚 technology official. If it wanted, the district鈥檚 bandwidth strength is strong enough that it could handle each student working on three to five devices at once, he said.

But other concerns, such as the shorter Smarter Balanced testing window, persist. Right now, Canby鈥檚 plan is to make the most efficient use of its limited number of test-ready devices鈥攎ostly iPads, along with some laptops and desktops鈥攙ia a combination of rotating students through rooms equipped with computers and taking devices to other students on mobile carts.

鈥淏efore, we could space it out over time,鈥� Mr. Morelock said. 鈥淣ow, the window of time is constricted.鈥�

The district鈥檚 technology improvements weren鈥檛 made specifically with assessments in mind, he said, but with the broader goal of improving instruction and student learning.

Mr. Fletcher, whose organization has offered written guidance designed to help states and districts make smart investments in technology, said the best approaches are holistic, not just focused on online testing.

鈥淭he online assessments have been able to shed a spotlight on the question of, 鈥榃hat are the technologies school districts have in place now?鈥� 鈥� Mr. Fletcher said.

While his organization, SETDA, and others recognize that many school officials are now focusing on 鈥渢he technology requirements for assessment,鈥� he said, the goal should be to 鈥渞aise the vision and move it away from 鈥榓ssessment only鈥� to think about 鈥榠nstruction first.鈥� 鈥�