To increase the number of girls involved in digital-game building and design, as well as to open the door to science, technology, engineering, and math careers鈥攚here females have historically lagged behind their male counterparts鈥攔esearchers have begun to unpack just what aspects of gaming engage girls.
And they are beginning to figure out how programs that put girls in the driver鈥檚 seat of game creation influence their relationships with technology and other STEM subjects.
鈥淭en years ago, you had virtually an absence of women across the board [in the gaming community], and now the picture is a much more different shade,鈥� says Yasmin B. Kafai, a professor at the Philadelphia-based University of Pennsylvania鈥檚 graduate school of education and a researcher on games and gender. 鈥淵ou do have these pockets of women who are very strong and active.鈥�
Yet even though more women and girls are playing games, few are actually creating and designing them, says Jill Denner, a senior research associate for the Scotts Valley, Calif.-based ETR Associates, a nonprofit organization that aims to promote health and education in various communities.
鈥淭here are some more women and girls involved in creating games, but it鈥檚 a drop in the bucket. It鈥檚 still a field that鈥檚 dominated by men in terms of the professional gaming community,鈥� she says. 鈥淎t the K-12 level, when you run computer-game classes, it鈥檚 still the boys that see themselves as a good fit. The girls still continue to not see that as a domain in which they fit.鈥�
To help bridge the gap between girls who play games and girls who build them, Denner heads the Girl Game Company, an after-school program at the 19,000-student Pajaro Valley Unified School District, south of San Francisco, where middle school girls gather twice a week to simulate a game company. The program is funded by a three-year, $1.2 million grant from the National Science Foundation.
鈥淚t鈥檚 built around the idea that they are a company, building games for clients, and the girls take different roles in the company,鈥� everything from game designer and creator to human-resources manager, Denner says.
Middle School Is Key
About a third of the students who enter the program have a strong interest in computer programming and game design and identify a computer-related career path for themselves, says Denner, while the others often enroll in the program for social reasons and are less likely to see themselves in a tech-related career.
鈥淸Middle school] is a critical period for identity formation, so catching them while they鈥檙e making decisions about classes and careers, and who they are, is important, especially for catching people who aren鈥檛 going to naturally choose that path,鈥� she says.
Carl Pennypacker, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, and the principal investigator for the Hands On University project, has created an after-school program called the Universe Quest Game that works with middle-school-aged girls on game creation.
Girls in that project work together to do tasks within the game鈥檚 platform by building characters and inserting puzzles, all of which revolve around astronomy. The project has also teamed up with a group of students in Nairobi, Kenya, and through the Web-based voice application Skype, girls from different parts of the world can work together, share their expertise, and show off the games they make.
鈥淚t鈥檚 a way for [the students] to be creative and have an end product that they can show and share with kids all around the world,鈥� says Pennypacker. 鈥淭he kids really love to create games. It鈥檚 a huge untapped resource.鈥�
He hopes the program, made possible by a three-year, $1.5 million grant from the NSF, helps open the door for girls into science, math, and technology careers.
鈥楢 Worthwhile Purpose鈥�
One reason why girls have begun to have a larger presence in the gaming community is that the way that video and computer games are marketed and developed has shifted, experts say.
鈥淲hat has changed really enormously is that both the people who make the game platforms and the people who produce the games for them are increasingly interested in both girls and women,鈥� says Maria Klawe, the president of Harvey Mudd College in Claremont, Calif. Originally, video games were marketed primarily to boys and men, but as their popularity has grown and the market has become more saturated, the video-game industry has begun to expand its reach, says Klawe.
Klawe, who has conducted research on gender and gaming for more than a decade, says that although girls and boys both enjoy playing games, girls generally interact with games differently and are attracted to different aspects of gaming鈥攁lthough when referring to gender, there are always exceptions.
鈥淥ne of the things we鈥檝e found in our early study is that girls are more likely to do something with a computer game or video game if they think it has a worthwhile purpose,鈥� she says.Generally, girls also engage in game play for more social reasons than boys do, says Klawe. 鈥淲ith girls, it鈥檚 much more a question of finding a game that鈥檚 fun to play with your friends.鈥�
Another big difference between what appeals to females versus males is violence, says Carrie Heeter, a professor and a principal investigator for the Games, Entertainment, and Learning Lab at Michigan State University in East Lansing.
鈥淢any of today鈥檚 genres [of video games] involve fighting, shooting, and attacking,鈥� she says. 鈥淭hat is probably the biggest difference in content preferences, is that males are much more interested in games that include violence. In general, that鈥檚 more of a turnoff for females.鈥�
Part of the reason it has taken longer to develop games that appeal to girls, says Cornelia Brunner, the deputy director of the Center for Children and Technology at the Newton, Mass.-based Education Development Center, is that female players enjoy games with lots of interaction between characters and their environment, which 鈥渞equires a much more sophisticated technology, more sophisticated algorithms,鈥� she says. 鈥淚t鈥檚 only in recent years that the technology itself has made it possible for us to create those kinds of games.鈥�
鈥楥ontext and Story鈥�
Her Interactive Inc., a Bellevue, Wash.-based game-development company, has been making computer games for girls since 1993. Their most famous series is the Nancy Drew adventure games, says Amy McPoland, the vice president of marketing for the company.
鈥淲e try to make games for girls that are empowering and that cater to what girls are looking for,鈥� she says. The Nancy Drew games, each of which is based loosely on the book series, are appealing, in large part, because the lead character becomes 鈥渁n independent, strong role model for girls, which allows us to tell a great story,鈥� says McPoland.
The company also has message boards set up for girls to share tips with one another, says McPoland, which is another feature of the game play that attracts girls.
Girls also tend to like strong story lines, says Karen Peterson, the executive director of the Lynwood, Wash.-based Puget Sound Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology, a nonprofit organization that aims to increase diversity in STEM subjects.
鈥淵ou really have to have context and story,鈥� says Peterson. 鈥淔or me, that鈥檚 the message that we need to get out there to people who are developing curriculum and games [for girls.]鈥�
And although more games are being created with girls in mind, there is still progress to be made, says Peterson. 鈥淭he gaming industry understands that they need to attract girls and women,鈥� she says. 鈥淕ames and the virtual world can be a really great hook for getting girls excited about STEM careers.鈥�
