In Idaho, the state is moving toward a mandate that online teachers have additional training to teach in a solely virtual environment. Most online teachers in Georgia must pass a professional-development course in virtual instruction. And many virtual schools in other parts of the country require that their cyber educators complete professional development aimed specifically at teaching in an online environment.
Yet many states and education groups still have not addressed the issue of teacher quality for the online classroom. And dissenters say added requirements for cyber educators could exacerbate existing teacher shortages, and even be detrimental to teacher quality.
Those supporting additional certification see it differently. They say the goal is to make sure students aren鈥檛 getting shortchanged.
鈥淲e can put any warm body on the other end of the computer, but are those kids going to learn?鈥� said Christina Linder, the director of certification and professional standards at the Idaho Department of Education. 鈥淏ased on what we know, no.鈥�
鈥淚t鈥檚 another hoop to jump through,鈥� she said of additional certification, 鈥渂ut it鈥檚 the right hoop.鈥�
Idaho is in the process of adopting recommended state standards for online teachers, with the intent of eventually making them mandatory, Ms. Linder said.
Many states require a virtual instructor to be a state-certified teacher, but a majority of states have no endorsement to label an instructor competent in the skills necessary to work in a fully virtual environment. Those that do, or are considering the step, often bill the endorsements as a desirable portfolio-builder rather than a required credential.
鈥淭he fact that [schools] can hire people that have these kinds of endorsements can definitely give [teachers] more marketability,"said Christina Clayton, the director of virtual learning at the , or GVS, a state-run school that instructs about 30,000 students a year. 鈥淚 think it鈥檚 going to become the norm rather than a requirement.鈥�
While most states don鈥檛 require a separate credential for online teachers, virtual schools often make professional development focusing on online teaching mandatory.
Incoming teachers at GVS must now take and pass a yearlong course in online instruction that includes completion of a virtual field experience. Other virtual schools have similar programs, but with GVS being run by the state department of education, its certificate doubles as a state-issued endorsement. There are plans for future work with universities in the Georgia system to offer the online-teacher training and certification in graduate programs.
Texas has a similar program. Any courses being used in the , created in January 2009, must employ only teachers who are Texas-certified and have completed an online professional-development program accepted by the network, said Barbara B. Smith, the network鈥檚 project director.
The Richardson, Texas-based network acts as a clearinghouse to vet online courses. As of August, 345 school districts had registered to allow their students to take courses approved by the network.
Idaho is in the process of final work on a two-tiered certification: one for instructors who teach 鈥渂lended鈥� face-to-face and online classes that every Idaho preservice teacher would earn, and one for fully online instructors, to be earned by in-service teachers.
While the certification for new virtual teachers would initially be recommended, the intent is to make it a requirement. Idaho officials estimate it would take until 2015 to fully implement the endorsements. Already-working online instructors would continue to teach, thanks to a grandfather clause, and not be forced back to school.
鈥淲e鈥檙e kind of in the limbo phase of transitioning,鈥� said Lisa Dawley, the chair of Boise State University鈥檚 department of educational technology and one of the people leading the creation of the Idaho virtual-teaching-certification standards."[People are saying] 鈥榣et鈥檚 build some basic competencies.鈥� And that makes sense right now. We still have 90 percent of teachers teaching in traditional brick-and-mortar schools.鈥�
Louisiana also offers an online-teaching endorsement, which permits instructors to use previous online-teaching experience to meet its requirements. Utah offers a distance-learning endorsement, but it would have to be adapted to include online-only instruction. In its current form, it refers mainly to synchronous distance-learning formats, such as videoconferencing, with non-Web-based technology.
With many teachers already instructing in online environments, policies are lagging behind, said Cathy Cavanaugh, an associate professor of educational technology at the University of Florida, in Gainesville. 鈥淲e are playing catch-up,鈥� she said. 鈥淧ractice is moving beyond policy rapidly.鈥�
The Experience Factor
States considering online-teacher endorsements often use as a reference suggested recommendations released by such organizations as the , or iNACOL, and the , or SREB. Without a state mandate, virtual schools often use those same guidelines when hiring and training teachers.
Myk Garn, the director of educational technology for the SREB, said the hope once was that his organization鈥檚 standards would spark the creation of more certifications across the 16 SREB member states. But state-imposed financial and enrollment caps, he said, have limited momentum toward creating virtual-teaching endorsements.
鈥淭he assumption . . . was that student demand was going to drive this,鈥� Mr. Garn said. 鈥淥ne component of that is that most of our state virtual schools are capped. They have a finite amount of funding. Many of them are at the capacity of their funding, so they also have the teachers they need right now.鈥�
Instead, schools like the state-run high school must screen instructors themselves, through a process that involves both extensive interviews and hands-on training.
Lan Neugent, Virginia鈥檚 assistant superintendent for technology, said the creation of state certification for online learning in Virginia is not only unlikely, but undesirable.
Because Virginia offers alternative-certification pathways to teachers who did not get a bachelor鈥檚 degree in education, Mr. Neugent said, the concern is that those certification recipients could then acquire an online endorsement and enter virtual instruction without enough of a pedagogical foundation.
To avoid that scenario, Virtual Virginia hires only teachers with previous brick-and-mortar classroom experience, according to its website. But Mr. Neugent admits the process isn鈥檛 foolproof.
鈥淲e have great concern about people who just interview well and seem to understand what to do and the rest of it, but don鈥檛 have any formalized training鈥� in virtual instruction, Mr. Neugent said.
Ann Flynn, the director of education technology for the Alexandria, Va.-based , said she supports a recommendation for additional professional development and skills for virtual teachers. But she also stressed that the idea of making that mandatory raises red flags.
鈥淪ome states are already challenged to get high-quality teachers and get a good, solid teaching force,鈥� she said. 鈥淵ou don鈥檛 want to see criteria set up that present unnecessary obstacles.鈥�
Others say research shows that the true test of how well teachers will do in an online environment is still largely their effectiveness in a traditional classroom. Requiring new certifications for online teachers could discourage talented face-to-face teachers from entering that realm.
鈥淭here might be some exceptional teachers now that have been practicing before these certifications have been established,鈥� said Barbara Treacy, a managing project director for the at the Newton, Mass.-based Education Development Center. 鈥淲e don鈥檛 want to use [certification] as a weapon against teachers who are practicing and maybe are even leaders in the field.鈥�
