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Ten public schools in Massachusetts will test whether more learning time can boost academic performance and close the achievement gap between low-income students and their more affluent peers.

On the first day of school this fall, the schools in five cities launched a new schedule that extends the school day by as much as three hours. Chosen as part of a $6.5 million statewide demonstration called the Expanded Learning Time Initiative, the schools are getting an additional $1,300 per student to pay for the extra time spent on core academic subjects and to bring back or maintain enrichment programs such as music, art, and physical education.

Roughly 4,700 students鈥攁bout 75 percent of them low-income鈥攚ho are enrolled in prekindergarten through 8th grade are part of the extended-day project in schools in Boston, Cambridge, Malden, Fall River, and Worcester. The Massachusetts Department of Education chose the schools after they submitted plans for how the longer day would raise student achievement, and add time for both enrichment programs for students and professional development for teachers.

Adding time to the school day is especially critical now, as more schools fall behind on the academic progress required of them under the federal No Child Left Behind Act, said Jennifer Davis, the president and co-founder of Massachusetts 2020, a nonprofit education organization that pushed for the initiative. Half the 10 schools have missed state targets for test scores several years in a row; the other half fell short of state targets either for the first time in 2005 or for the first time in several years.

鈥淭he most important set of changes we have seen in education have to do with setting standards and accountability,鈥� said Ms. Davis, a U.S. Department of Education deputy assistant secretary in the Clinton administration. 鈥淪o we鈥檝e raised the standards for our kids, but we haven鈥檛 given them the learning time that is necessary to reach those standards.鈥�

Chris Gabrieli, who is also a co-founder of Massachusetts 2020 and a high-profile supporter of the longer school day, is a Democratic candidate for governor in the state鈥檚 Sept. 19 primary.

At Martin Luther King Jr. School in Cambridge, the 240 prekindergarten through 8th grade pupils will spend two more hours at school each day than they have in previous years, said Principal Carole Learned-Miller.

The school will devote an extra 30 minutes each to literacy instruction, mathematics, and project-based learning in science, she said.

Recess and Electives

The school staff also built in 15 additional minutes of recess and a block during the middle of each day for students to take elective courses, such as yoga and sculpture. Much of the enrichment program will be provided by community organizations that were already working with the school鈥檚 students in after-school programs, Ms. Learned-Miller said.

鈥淭his extra time allows us to do the things that we philosophically believe in, to increase achievement by actually being able to fully implement the core academic programs like our literacy collaborative,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e are giving these children a choice to take electives they have a passion for.鈥�

Paul Toner, the vice president for the Massachusetts Teachers Association, an affiliate of the National Education Association, said giving teachers the option of working longer days and offering fair compensation to those who volunteered to do so eased negotiations in Cambridge.

鈥淣ot every single teacher in those schools will be working a longer day,鈥� said Mr. Toner, who was the president of the Cambridge Teachers Union when it negotiated how to compensate teachers for the extra time. 鈥淚t was truly voluntary.鈥�

Though 10 schools were ultimately chosen for the program鈥檚 first year, several more around the state were interested. Some of those, said Ms. Davis, met resistance from parents, particularly those who are middle-income, who didn鈥檛 want the extra time in school to interfere with other activities.

鈥淭he fact that this hasn鈥檛 been done before is in and of itself a barrier,鈥� she said. 鈥淲e tended to find broader support for this in our urban centers, where parents really want more core educational time for their children as well as enrichment opportunities that their children may not have had access to.鈥�

Parental Opposition

At one of the two K-8 schools in Malden that proposed to be part of the extended-day experiment, parents resisted, said Joan Connelly, the superintendent of the 6,500-student district near Boston. Many parents at Forestdale School opposed the longer day, so the district鈥檚 school board voted to expand the daily schedule only at Salemwood School, she said.

As of last week, the 1,200 students at the K-8 Salemwood School were attending school for an extra hour and a half, Ms. Connelly said. The superintendent said she would eventually like to see a longer day at all of the district鈥檚 seven schools.

鈥淚 feel very strongly that what teachers do in the classroom with students is of the highest value, and that having more time to both directly serve students and to work with each other is a goal towards which I will work,鈥� she said. 鈥淚 expect to see good results from this.鈥�

One of the most vocal opponents to the longer day is Michael Sheehan, the president of the Malden City Council.

鈥淚t鈥檚 not a good idea in any of our schools, because our class sizes are too big,鈥� Mr. Sheehan said. 鈥淭he answer is to make class sizes smaller and more manageable for our teachers to teach and our kids to learn in the time they already have.鈥�

Whether the state will provide funding in future years for additional schools to lengthen the day is an open question. So is whether more districts and teachers will embrace the idea.

鈥淚 think we have to wait and see what the results are going to show us from these 10 schools,鈥� said Mr. Toner. 鈥淭hat will determine whether they can win more converts for this or not.鈥�