Bullies who once cornered their victims on the playground are now tormenting them in cyberspace.
For schoolyard menaces, e-mail messages and Web sites have increasingly become vehicles to threaten, tease, and humiliate other students. Experts worry that such situations鈥攄ubbed 鈥渃yberbullying"鈥攁re just as hurtful as other types of bullying, yet are less likely to be detected or prevented by grown-ups.
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Phyllis Stanger鈥檚 daughter, 鈥淩ebecca,鈥� whose parents asked that her real name not be used, had her online identity stolen by a 鈥渃yberbully鈥� in 2002. |
鈥淎nyplace where you have a school where kids are technologically savvy, you鈥檒l see these kinds of behaviors moving in these arenas,鈥� said Sherryll Kraizer, the executive director of the Denver-based Coalition for Children, a nonprofit group that works to prevent bullying. The incidents 鈥渁re vastly more skewed toward girls,鈥� she added, because girls are more likely than boys to communicate regularly by technology such as e-mail and 鈥渋nstant messaging.鈥�
While little, if any, research is available on the incidence of cyberbullying, anecdotal evidence suggests it is a growing problem in middle- and upper-middle-class communities, especially in grades 6, 7, and 8.
鈥淲e have seen several cases of cyberbullying at our middle school,鈥� said Mary Culin, the drug-prevention and safety coordinator for Arizona鈥檚 61,000-student Tucson Unified School District. 鈥淚n one case, a girl wrote a poem about another girl in which she made hurtful remarks, comparing her to a cow and making fun of her because of the large size of her breasts. She ended the e- mail with a threat.鈥� The case was handed to law-enforcement officials, Ms. Culin said.
Such problems are occurring overseas as well.
United Kingdom researchers have found that one in four children there have been bullied or threatened via computer or telephone, according to a study released last spring by the NCH, a London-based charity.
鈥淐hildren as young as 11 are being faced with taunts or threats from an often-anonymous source,鈥� John Carr, the associate director of the organization鈥檚 Children and Technology United, said in a statement. 鈥淭hey鈥檙e either not telling anyone and suffering in silence, or are confiding in people who themselves don鈥檛 know how to deal with it effectively.鈥�
Cyberbullying takes several forms: One student sends a threatening e-mail to another, then forwards it to additional people; several students log on to America Online鈥檚 Instant Messenger simultaneously and 鈥渟lam鈥� another; bullies set up derogatory Web sites dedicated to one or more victims. In the case of 鈥淚M-ing,鈥� subscribers can have a real-time conversation.
While such actions often take place in private homes in the evenings and on weekends, the fallout happens during the school day, leaving teachers and administrators to clean up the mess.
鈥淎lmost every day, there are a couple of kids who come to school upset, angry, or hurt because of something said to them or about them over e-mail,鈥� said Marilyn Long, a counselor at Urbandale Middle School in Des Moines, Iowa. 鈥淲e can鈥檛 intervene, and we can鈥檛 supervise what鈥檚 going on. All we can do is provide a place for them to talk it out.鈥�
鈥業t Really Hurt鈥�
Twelve-year-old 鈥淩ebecca鈥� was victimized by a cyberbully who impersonated her for more than a month on e- mail and the Internet, writing half a dozen cruel messages and creating two Web sites in the girl鈥檚 name that slandered a friend. Rebecca, then 11, was ostracized by her peers, which led to nights of tears and anger that still surface a year later.
鈥淭he popular girls were already making fun of me, and I didn鈥檛 need any more,鈥� said Rebecca, tugging on a hot-pink T-shirt embroidered with a kitten, during a recent interview. 鈥淚t really hurt me.鈥�
Rebecca鈥檚 parents, who asked that her name be changed for this article, discussed the matter with the other victim鈥檚 family, who continued to place blame on Rebecca. They then spoke with the father of the suspected bully, a fellow 6th grade girl whom Rebecca perceived as trying to gain favor with Rebecca鈥檚 estranged friend, said Phyllis Stanger, Rebecca鈥檚 mother. Ms. Stanger and her husband also got in touch with the police, AOL, and the Web site provider that posted the pages. Neither the police nor AOL, which provided e-mail services to Rebecca and her family, said they could help, Ms. Stanger said, as the incident was neither a crime nor sent via an AOL subscriber. The Web sites were taken down, she said, but the company that provided the Web template declined to give the family the name of the individual who had set it up.
At the same time, Rebecca鈥檚 parents requested help from the school guidance counselor. The counselor asked Rebecca, the other victim, and Rebecca鈥檚 alleged impostor to meet, which led to 鈥渁 fragile truce,鈥� Ms. Stanger said.
鈥淚t just broke my heart because someone was framing her,鈥� said Ms. Stanger, a former 5th grade teacher who now provides professional development for teachers. 鈥淚t was an entirely new level of cruelty.鈥�
Today, Rebecca and her friend have repaired their relationship. They even exchanged holiday gifts.
Instant Anonymity
Cyberbullying, like other forms of bullying, is extremely harmful鈥攁nd likely to be on the rise, experts say.
鈥淭here鈥檚 this anonymity that goes with just typing something into the computer, so I think it is leading to more kids saying unkind things to each other and gossiping,鈥� said Ms. Long, the guidance counselor from Des Moines. 鈥淭hose are typical teenage activities, but it happens faster, and there鈥檚 less reading of facial expression, so it seems harsher.鈥�
Seventy-four percent of the 17 million teenagers who surfed the Internet in 2000 used AOL鈥橲 Instant Messenger, according to a report conducted by the Washington-based Pew Internet & American Life Project, released last summer. The nonpartisan organization probes the Internet鈥檚 effect on children and families.
鈥淲hile most instant messages are innocuous chit-chat, many are socially potent,鈥� says the report, 鈥淭eenage Life Online: The Rise of the Instant-Message Generation and the Internet鈥檚 Impact on Friendships and Family Relationships.鈥�
鈥淢ore than one-third of teens use IM to say things they don鈥檛 want to say in face-to-face conversations with their peers,鈥� it notes. 鈥淎lmost a fifth have used IM to ask someone out, and more than a tenth have used IM to break up with someone.鈥�
School administrators say a majority, if not all, of those exchanges take place in private homes, which makes such situations difficult for schools to monitor.
The gossip mills churned at the 560-student Woodworth Middle School in Fond du Lac, Wis., upon the posting of an Internet 鈥渉it list鈥� three years ago that included the names of about 60 students, said Principal Michael G. Nault. Four days passed before administrators solved the case, he said.
The two boys, both freshmen, were arrested by local police for disorderly conduct and expelled for the entire school year, Mr. Nault said. They were required to bring notes upon their return from mental-health professionals certifying they were no longer a danger to themselves or others.
Thirty-three states require or recommend that districts undertake programs designed to prevent bullying, according to an analysis conducted by Education Week for Quality Counts 2003, which was released last month. Moreover, it is generally assumed that districts鈥� anti-bullying policies cover all forms of cyber harassment, said Christopher Wolf, a lawyer who advises K-12 schools on Internet policy for Proskauwer Rose, a New York City-based firm.
And, the laws that apply outside of cyberspace regarding hate crimes and criminal threats must be heeded online as well, said David Friedman, the director of the Washington office of the Anti-Defamation League. While parents are uniquely positioned to monitor their children鈥檚 computer activities, child- safety advocates suggest that schools provide forums for character education to help prevent harassment.
鈥淭he school is the one place that has all kids together,鈥� said Ms. Kraizer of the Coalition for Children. 鈥淚t really is the best venue for shaping new behavior.鈥�
Coverage of technology is supported in part by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation.
